things at very unconventional places and
it’s a story about how their work is
challenging some basic assumptions we
have made for a very long time about
salt in our body we all know it if you
eat a lot of salt for a day or two you
will drink a lot of water why is that
because that salt somehow traps water
into biological systems so if we store
sodium in our body we store water that’s
the knowledge simple but is it good
enough is it enough to study a human
being for a day or two and draw a
conclusion with the same thing happen if
we’d stood would study him for a week or
a month for a year and what on earth
does all that have to do with the trip
to Mars well think about it how would
you measure salt intake in a human being
over a long period of time can you
calculate how much salt was in a
breakfast in the morning or will be on
Christmas Eve no me neither
what would we need to really control
salt intake in a human being we would
have to lock him in a box
control all the food that goes inside
the box and measure all the urine that
comes outside and we would have to do
that not for a day or two we would have
to do that for weeks or months or
perhaps a year and that would not be
very kind but perhaps perhaps there are
already some people who have been locked
into a box with controlled food intake
collecting all the urine and now you got
it
on a trip to Mars we should study salt
metabolism on a trip to Mars now as you
know there is no Mars mission underway
so we had to turn to the best thing
available on earth and that was in the
northwest of Moscow at the Institute of
biomedical problems of the Russian
Academy of Sciences here you see 12
young man standing in front of the Mars
500 simulator in the Institute and now
believe it or not these 12 men agreed to
be locked into this box and simulate a
flight to Mars and suddenly the
impossible was possible these guys would
know exactly what they had for breakfast
what they had for lunch and what they
would have for dinner
and we would know how much salt they not
for a day or two but for weeks and
months well in a year why a year because
of fly to Mars will take 520 days this
was our one-in-a-million chance to find
out whether common sense really made
sense on the long term what would we
want what did we find
well
when we studied them on a high salt diet
for a day or two we found everything
that I had learned in a textbook they
accumulated salt and they accumulated
water but when we then continued and
measured their excretion for a week and
four months something spooky happened
these guys accumulated salt but we could
not find any signs of water overload so
somehow the salt had not trapped water
talk about a shock this overturned
everything that I had learned in school
and of course nobody believed it but we
believed in our data and that led us to
all different kinds of questions I had
always used a blood sample to measure
sodium but you never this blood sample
wouldn’t tell me anything I would know a
concentration but I could not see the
salt in the body and the question was
where were these salt stores hidden so
we needed something to see the salt in
the body and the blood sample of course
would not help so we found an answer to
this question through a method called
magnetic resonance imaging MRI with
these big machines you may have seen in
a TV show or in a hospital you can
measure some elements in the body and if
you now change the mode of this machine
into the sodium mode then you suddenly
can detect the hidden sodium stores in
the body look at the picture of this 85
year old man his tissue shine white his
storing sodium today we know that we all
store sodium we store it in our skin and
in our muscle
some of us store more sodium we all
store it with age but those who store
more of it have more likely adhere
hypertension or diabetes or infections
so sodium storage was the first mystery
these Mars
guys help us solve but in other words
yet to come and that was about sold and
thirst in the short-term world
everything makes sense
I got always thirsty when I had my
grandmother’s chicken noodle soup and
the bartender of course knows the trick
about the salted peanuts they will make
him sell more drinks but again there’s a
problem of time granny and bartender
only observed for one to two hours what
happens but they of course do not know
what happens for weeks or months so we
thought that our Marcin oats perhaps
could give us a question – that – and
they delivered yet another spooky
finding because when we had them on a
high-salt diet not for a day or two but
for weeks and months these guys drank
less and it produced more urine so how
on earth can that be how where did the
water come from if they didn’t drink it
we looked into their kidneys and we
found that when they were not ice all
died there was more sodium in the urine
at least one thing that was in line with
the textbook but we also found that the
water was somehow a little bit hesitant
to follow the sodium and go down the
tube so what was holding the water back
there’s something that was holding
holding the water back was urea another
substance so the so the urea was holding
back the water in the kidney the salt
was excreted and that meant that urea
was used to conserve water
when salt intake was high so salt intake
is associated with water conservation
not water excretion as we always thought
but that now led to yet another question
urea is produced by the liver so what’s
the kidney really left alone with
these problems with high salt intake we
could not answer these questions in our
marzo notes because we could not study
their liver in the box that’s why we
turn to mice and when we fed mice a
high-salt diet indeed the liver started
producing more urea to give it to the
liver so that the word liver to give it
to the kidney sorry so that the kidney
can conserve water but net now led to
the next question because the liver
needs a lot of energy to produce the
urea where did this energy come from now
the answer to this question is simple
right if you need more energy you you
eat more when we had our minds on a
high-salt diet they ate twenty to thirty
percent more food so what do we learn
from that and what does that mean for
our daily lives well before the Mars 500
crew everything in my world was simple I
only when I was talking about salt I was
only thinking about how about sodium and
how much water was excreted by the
kidney and that was all that there was
to know now we start to understand then
on the long-term this is about energy
metabolism because our body needs energy
to produce the urea to hold back the
water when the salt is excreted and that
leads to something like we do not know
how to call it yet because all that
isn’t new but this is something like
like stress eating and this stress
eating might be perhaps even more
important than the well established
connection between salt and blood
pressure because it puts you on track to
obesity diabetes metabolic syndrome so
this new connection between salt and
energy metabolism leads me to the last
two questions of this
forgive me what happens if you take away
the extra calories and needless to say
if we took away the extra calories when
– when highs all died they lost weight
because the calories didn’t come in but
they didn’t take the calories from fat
they stole the energy from muscle why
was that because muscle protein not only
is a great energy reservoir it also
contains a lot of nitrogen and nitrogen
is an essential component of the recipe
that the liver uses to produce urea and
help the kidney conserve water when the
salt is excreted and now the last
question about our margin notes this
last mystery they gave us how is it
possible that you drink less and make
more urine when you’re in a high salt
diet
well what they did is that they
transferred fuel into energy urea and
water and if you produce more water in
your body you drink less simple so
that’s actually the story I wanted to
tell you about the marzo notes but
there’s one thing I do not want you to
take away from that if you are on a diet
you please do not go home tonight and
eat more salt
and hope that you will lose more weight
well first of all you will be powerfully
hungry and view you perhaps will hate me
for that second the hormonal changes
that all these induces are really not
not really healthy and third and that’s
perhaps the most important thing for you
now you won’t take the calories from the
fat you will lose muscle mass and that’s
not the kind of weight loss you’ve been
dreaming off so don’t do it even if you
are heading for Mars thank you
[Applause]
it’s a story about how their work is
challenging some basic assumptions we
have made for a very long time about
salt in our body we all know it if you
eat a lot of salt for a day or two you
will drink a lot of water why is that
because that salt somehow traps water
into biological systems so if we store
sodium in our body we store water that’s
the knowledge simple but is it good
enough is it enough to study a human
being for a day or two and draw a
conclusion with the same thing happen if
we’d stood would study him for a week or
a month for a year and what on earth
does all that have to do with the trip
to Mars well think about it how would
you measure salt intake in a human being
over a long period of time can you
calculate how much salt was in a
breakfast in the morning or will be on
Christmas Eve no me neither
what would we need to really control
salt intake in a human being we would
have to lock him in a box
control all the food that goes inside
the box and measure all the urine that
comes outside and we would have to do
that not for a day or two we would have
to do that for weeks or months or
perhaps a year and that would not be
very kind but perhaps perhaps there are
already some people who have been locked
into a box with controlled food intake
collecting all the urine and now you got
it
on a trip to Mars we should study salt
metabolism on a trip to Mars now as you
know there is no Mars mission underway
so we had to turn to the best thing
available on earth and that was in the
northwest of Moscow at the Institute of
biomedical problems of the Russian
Academy of Sciences here you see 12
young man standing in front of the Mars
500 simulator in the Institute and now
believe it or not these 12 men agreed to
be locked into this box and simulate a
flight to Mars and suddenly the
impossible was possible these guys would
know exactly what they had for breakfast
what they had for lunch and what they
would have for dinner
and we would know how much salt they not
for a day or two but for weeks and
months well in a year why a year because
of fly to Mars will take 520 days this
was our one-in-a-million chance to find
out whether common sense really made
sense on the long term what would we
want what did we find
well
when we studied them on a high salt diet
for a day or two we found everything
that I had learned in a textbook they
accumulated salt and they accumulated
water but when we then continued and
measured their excretion for a week and
four months something spooky happened
these guys accumulated salt but we could
not find any signs of water overload so
somehow the salt had not trapped water
talk about a shock this overturned
everything that I had learned in school
and of course nobody believed it but we
believed in our data and that led us to
all different kinds of questions I had
always used a blood sample to measure
sodium but you never this blood sample
wouldn’t tell me anything I would know a
concentration but I could not see the
salt in the body and the question was
where were these salt stores hidden so
we needed something to see the salt in
the body and the blood sample of course
would not help so we found an answer to
this question through a method called
magnetic resonance imaging MRI with
these big machines you may have seen in
a TV show or in a hospital you can
measure some elements in the body and if
you now change the mode of this machine
into the sodium mode then you suddenly
can detect the hidden sodium stores in
the body look at the picture of this 85
year old man his tissue shine white his
storing sodium today we know that we all
store sodium we store it in our skin and
in our muscle
some of us store more sodium we all
store it with age but those who store
more of it have more likely adhere
hypertension or diabetes or infections
so sodium storage was the first mystery
these Mars
guys help us solve but in other words
yet to come and that was about sold and
thirst in the short-term world
everything makes sense
I got always thirsty when I had my
grandmother’s chicken noodle soup and
the bartender of course knows the trick
about the salted peanuts they will make
him sell more drinks but again there’s a
problem of time granny and bartender
only observed for one to two hours what
happens but they of course do not know
what happens for weeks or months so we
thought that our Marcin oats perhaps
could give us a question – that – and
they delivered yet another spooky
finding because when we had them on a
high-salt diet not for a day or two but
for weeks and months these guys drank
less and it produced more urine so how
on earth can that be how where did the
water come from if they didn’t drink it
we looked into their kidneys and we
found that when they were not ice all
died there was more sodium in the urine
at least one thing that was in line with
the textbook but we also found that the
water was somehow a little bit hesitant
to follow the sodium and go down the
tube so what was holding the water back
there’s something that was holding
holding the water back was urea another
substance so the so the urea was holding
back the water in the kidney the salt
was excreted and that meant that urea
was used to conserve water
when salt intake was high so salt intake
is associated with water conservation
not water excretion as we always thought
but that now led to yet another question
urea is produced by the liver so what’s
the kidney really left alone with
these problems with high salt intake we
could not answer these questions in our
marzo notes because we could not study
their liver in the box that’s why we
turn to mice and when we fed mice a
high-salt diet indeed the liver started
producing more urea to give it to the
liver so that the word liver to give it
to the kidney sorry so that the kidney
can conserve water but net now led to
the next question because the liver
needs a lot of energy to produce the
urea where did this energy come from now
the answer to this question is simple
right if you need more energy you you
eat more when we had our minds on a
high-salt diet they ate twenty to thirty
percent more food so what do we learn
from that and what does that mean for
our daily lives well before the Mars 500
crew everything in my world was simple I
only when I was talking about salt I was
only thinking about how about sodium and
how much water was excreted by the
kidney and that was all that there was
to know now we start to understand then
on the long-term this is about energy
metabolism because our body needs energy
to produce the urea to hold back the
water when the salt is excreted and that
leads to something like we do not know
how to call it yet because all that
isn’t new but this is something like
like stress eating and this stress
eating might be perhaps even more
important than the well established
connection between salt and blood
pressure because it puts you on track to
obesity diabetes metabolic syndrome so
this new connection between salt and
energy metabolism leads me to the last
two questions of this
forgive me what happens if you take away
the extra calories and needless to say
if we took away the extra calories when
– when highs all died they lost weight
because the calories didn’t come in but
they didn’t take the calories from fat
they stole the energy from muscle why
was that because muscle protein not only
is a great energy reservoir it also
contains a lot of nitrogen and nitrogen
is an essential component of the recipe
that the liver uses to produce urea and
help the kidney conserve water when the
salt is excreted and now the last
question about our margin notes this
last mystery they gave us how is it
possible that you drink less and make
more urine when you’re in a high salt
diet
well what they did is that they
transferred fuel into energy urea and
water and if you produce more water in
your body you drink less simple so
that’s actually the story I wanted to
tell you about the marzo notes but
there’s one thing I do not want you to
take away from that if you are on a diet
you please do not go home tonight and
eat more salt
and hope that you will lose more weight
well first of all you will be powerfully
hungry and view you perhaps will hate me
for that second the hormonal changes
that all these induces are really not
not really healthy and third and that’s
perhaps the most important thing for you
now you won’t take the calories from the
fat you will lose muscle mass and that’s
not the kind of weight loss you’ve been
dreaming off so don’t do it even if you
are heading for Mars thank you
[Applause]
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