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Revolution in Nutrition Science | David Harper | TEDxAbbotsford


Thanks you know I teach here at the
University the Fraser Valley night I’ve
never had a cup age did not good day
that for sure it’s it’s like it’s nice
to have that at the start of a talk so
it’s also great to be here in Abbotsford
and beautiful Fraser Valley and the
Fraser Valley is all about food so I
thought I’d talk to you about food today
and you’re probably all aware of the
canada food guide the canada food guide
or recommendations for a healthy diet
and they’ve been around for 30 or 40
years they redo them about every 10
years and we’ll have a new canada food
guide in about another year or so and so
it begs the question are these
recommendations making us healthy and so
when i pivoted in my career and started
looking at nutrition science I looked
for the evidence that underpins the
recommendations in the can of food guide
I looked everywhere and I couldn’t find
any science there’s lots of opinion
there’s lots of lobby groups but there
was no science so the conclusion I came
to is the answer the question is no and
I have to kind of apologize to all my
students from the past because I taught
the recommendations in the Canada Food
Guide for about 30 years and I apologize
because that was a mistake
I’m a scientist I’m a proud scientist I
didn’t look at the principal research
when I did I couldn’t find it but I did
find something interesting I found out
that those recommendations are actually
making us sick and I’m gonna share that
with you today
and I hope by the end of the talk you’ll
think differently about what you put on
the end of your fork here’s my mantra
the ketogenic diet is medicine for life
and I mean that in many ways ketogenic
diet is something that is based on the
different levels of macronutrients you
have in your diet so I’ll just take a
moment and explain those for you we have
to do a little bit of background on
basic nutrition science so
macronutrients are the things that give
us calories the energy in our food and
also the building blocks they come in
three forms and only three forms
proteins carbohydrates and fats and I’m
sure you all know this now they’re the
presently recommended diet the standard
Western diet we call it looks something
like this it’s about 15% protein
mostly carbohydrates and they as you
know they really want you to limit fat
as much as possible and so because
there’s only three things you can only
eat about 15 well 20 to 25 percent of
your calories from protein before you
run into protein poisoning issues so if
you’re only eating maybe 15 percent of
your calories from protein and and
another 30 percent limited for fats then
the rest has to be carbohydrates so this
is what we call a high carbohydrate low
fat diet a ketogenic diet on the other
hand is quite different in fact it’s
contrary its moderate in protein it has
as few carbs as possible and so what
we’re really doing is swapping that
carbohydrate load for a fat load and
this I know sounds contrary to all of
you because we’ve been told for forty
years that eating fat is bad fat is bad
that fat makes you fat fat will give you
cardiovascular disease and I can tell
you conclusively that is not true
there’s never been any science that
supports that and I’ll show you what the
science does support first of all we
have to look a little bit at what
carbohydrates are and there’s really two
forms I’m talking about the non fiber
carbohydrates there’s sugars and sugars
there’s a couple of different types they
come in that the simple sort of building
block versions glucose and and and
fructose called monosaccharides which
means one sugar and you can bind these
together into pairs and you get
disaccharides sucrose is the most common
form that’s your table sugar and then
there’s another form of carbohydrate
that you’re familiar with which is
starch and starch is really just sugars
joined together I don’t think a lot of
people really understand that it’s just
a whole bunch of glucose molecules
connected together and so when we digest
those they’re called polysaccharides it
means many sugars and when we digest
those and absorb those it doesn’t get
absorbed as starch into our blood it
gets absorbed as sugar so it raises our
blood sugar level and we raise our blood
sugar level that’s also the blood
glucose level sugars and starches both
both raise blood sugar and here’s
another interesting point there are no
essential carbohydrates there are
essential amino acids which make up the
proteins they’re essential fatty acids
which make up fats when I say essential
that means you have to get it from your
diet we can’t make those internally
there are no essential carbohydrates you
can happily make all the carbohydrate
you need in your liver as needed and be
perfectly healthy with no carbohydrate
in your diet so what happens when you
eat carbohydrates and you know we talked
about you know Farm to Fort this is sort
of a fork to fat story so when you when
you eat carbohydrates this is a graph
that shows a blood glucose levels over a
single day so this is on a high
carbohydrate diet and you can see after
breakfast especially after lunch and
after dinner you get this rise in in
blood glucose levels because of this
starch and sugar in the high
carbohydrate diet if we look at a low
carbohydrate diet we see as you might
expect much more moderate changes in
glucose levels but also notice that it’s
much lower all through the day now this
is important because the next thing I
want to show you is the same sort of
event during the day except looking at
blood insulin levels now insulin is a
hormone that’s secreted by the pancreas
when you have sugar in your blood and it
allows the cells to uptake that sugar
into the cells where they can either be
metabolized for energy or stored as fat
so let’s look at what happens on these
two diets during the day and you’ll see
they’re quite dramatically different now
this is important notice the high carb
diet the insulin levels are very high
the entire day they only drop off at
night and on the on the low carbohydrate
diet which would be a ketogenic type
diet again much more moderate levels of
insulin now this is important because
high levels chronically high levels of
insulin in the blood will lead to a
condition called insulin resistance and
insulin resistance is really a
pre-diabetic condition that can lead to
diabetes so you don’t want to have
excessive levels in the blood excessive
insulin levels in the blood for long
periods of time the other thing that’s
interesting about insulin it’s kind of
like a traffic cop in your system so
when there’s high levels of glucose and
therefore high levels of insulin what
that tells the insulin to do the insulin
directs the glucose into fat
and as long as the insulin levels are
high that fat goes into the fat cells
and it can’t get out so if you’re on a
chronically high carbohydrate diet and
have chronically high insulin levels
you’re just going to be storing fat you
won’t be burning it on the other hand if
your insulin levels are low because your
blood sugar levels low then you’re going
to be burning those sugars and mostly in
the brain and the heart so let’s see
what happens in Mantle’s so look at
these mice now these mice this is very
important you can see there’s two of
them there there’s a little guy and
there’s a big guy so the little guy
and the big guy are eating exactly the
same amount of food and exactly the same
quality of food for eight months the
only difference is the big guy was given
daily injections of a low level of
insulin that would raise the blood
insulin levels to a level we would call
hyperinsulinemia so this is the same
thing that happens on a high
carbohydrate diet you have high chronic
levels of insulin and that that traffic
cop tells the blood sugar to go to fat
and not be burned and you can see the
difference over eight months in a mouse
but that’s a mouse let’s see what
happens in humans well this is kind of
the grand experiment we’ve been doing
for the last 40 years we told you for
the last 40 years to eat a high
carbohydrate low fat diet and you can
see what’s happened the evidence is in
this is the United States data it’s
similar in Canada we’re a little bit
behind but we’re catching up 72 percent
of American adults over age 18 are
either obese or overweight 72 percent of
Americans are obese or overweight and
look when that started it started when
we issued the very first Dietary
Guidelines in the United States in 1980
and it’s accelerated since then and you
can see it’s dropping off now and so you
know some people what’s excited we’re
talking but because everybody who’s
going to get obese is obese now so we’re
reaching a threshold point look at this
diagram here now what’s gonna happen
here you have obesity in the United
States from the Centers of Disease
Control data and as it gets darker those
are higher rates of obesity and on the
right is diabetes rates and you’ll see
diabetes and obesity go hand-in-hand one
follows the other because as you become
insulin resistant you become a
and it takes about ten years of insulin
resistance before you start showing
signs of what we would call diabetes so
starting in 1994 now again it’s it’s
obesity on the left and diabetes rates
on the right and watch how they parallel
each other and watch how frightening
leak wait this is only a 15 year period
how frightening Lee quick and completely
comprehensive this obese and and by the
way Canada is following suit you can see
it starts in the South in the Midwest
and it spreads throughout the entire
continental US plus Alaska and Hawaii
eventually so I have a model for chronic
disease that I call the axis of illness
and it consists of these three elements
insulin resistance which I mentioned
obesity you know about and also
inflammation this is the kind of chronic
inflammation you get as you age due to
high carbohydrate diets and due to other
disease factors these all work to make
each other worse we call it
synergistically make each other worse so
it’s kind of a vicious circle so once it
starts once you start becoming insulin
resistant inflamed and obese they just
make each other worse and worse and
worse over time until you end up with
chronic disease so what happens when we
put a high carbohydrate diet on there is
they all get collectively worse much
faster and we end up with the chronic
diseases that plague us about 70% of
chronic diseases due to these three
factors cardiovascular disease cancer
diabetes and even Alzheimer’s so if we
look at the ketogenic diet versus the
standard Western diet we have some good
news it turns out that if you adopt a
ketogenic diet you can actually reverse
a lot of the chronic disease that
plagues us and it actually happens quite
quickly and we call this state
nutritional ketosis so some of you may
have heard of ketoacidosis which is
associated with diabetes not the same
thing these are ketone levels much lower
and it turns out the ketone itself is
actually a super fuel it’s kind of a
super molecule that has all kinds of
health benefits so this nutritional
ketosis puts you in a on a low
carbohydrate diet on a in a constant
healthy state that actually counter
the factors that cause chronic disease
so if we now look at this axis of
illness these same three factors obesity
insulin resistance and inflammation on a
low carbohydrate diet so we take
carbohydrate out of the diet then what
happens is those three factors are all
greatly reduced and we see this happen
within weeks and then of course as a
result much diminished levels of chronic
disease so the incidence and the
severity is decreased so I’m just going
to tell you a little bit about the
therapeutic benefits of ketogenic diets
this is the science that’s being
conducted now at research centers all
over the world by really top level
scientists so this is recent nutritional
science and it really is a revolution in
nutrition because we’re now realizing
that the guidelines we gave you 40 years
ago are actually dead wrong they’re
upside down and so now we’re putting
people on high car high fat diets and to
see what happens to them so epilepsy
ketogenic diets have been used for
epilepsy for over a hundred years and it
resolves epilepsy in about 50% of cases
and this means that patients don’t have
to take medication for it also diabetes
recent studies last year show that we
can reverse the insulin resistance that
causes diabetes by 75% in four weeks
50% of type 2 diabetics are in complete
reversal we would call it remission they
have no more they don’t need to take any
more medication they have no more signs
of diabetes by the way they also lose 20
or 30 pounds of fat because you’re
burning fat all the time and 90% of
people in the studies reduce or
eliminate their need for medications
like metformin and insulin very very
dramatic studies these are these are
2018 studies cardiovascular disease as
well cardiovascular disease is is is
mostly based on the inflammation part of
the axis of illness it’s an inflammatory
disease it’s not really due to fat in
your diet it’s due to inflammation in
your blood vessels and because the diet
is naturally anti-inflammatory it
reduces all of the indicators for
cardiovascular disease dramatically and
very rapidly as well but I really want
to talk to you about cancer today too
because we think that ketogenic diets
could be very important in treating
cancer and I want to say it’s not a cure
for cancer
but it is it appears to be in the
preliminary studies a very effective
coat even along with the standard of
care so to do that I’m going to give you
a little illustration and and I’m going
to use a little analogy of a garden that
you’re all familiar with so you have a
garden it has the flowers and plants you
want to have in it and plants because
they don’t need to eat they make the
glucose from sunlight through
photosynthesis and so you want the
plants to grow but unfortunately there’s
also weeds in there too and as you know
if you just let the garden go and you
don’t tend to it the weeds will suddenly
Oh compete the plants so in this analogy
the plants are like your healthy body
cells and then the weeds are kind of
like the cancer cells and something that
you need to be aware of is that for most
cancers those cells eat glucose and they
eat glucose like crazy there they don’t
have the same metabolic flexibility as
your other cells they can’t use fats or
carbonyl so they have to use glucose so
they’ll concentrate glucose 100 to 200
times in fact that’s how we image tumors
with glucose so what happens on a high
carbohydrate diet is you’re actually
increasing the amount of glucose in the
system and because these cancer cells
eat glucose it’s something called the
Varberg effect for Otto Otto Warburg who
won the Nobel Prize for that in 1931
you’re actually giving it more food
giving the cancer cells more of the food
they crave and when you raise blood
sugar levels you raise insulin levels
and that’s kind of like the fertilizer
the hyperinsulinemia is is a growth
factor so you’re giving cancer cells all
the food and all the growth factor it
needs to grow and so cancer is enhanced
and in the end the weeds win now the
great news about a ketogenic diet is it
kind of turns this all on its head so if
we now look at the same scenario in a
ketogenic diet by the way we make we
have tumor cells growing all the time
our immune system is what rids us of
those tumor cells so we need a vigilant
immune system so what happens on a
ketogenic diet is we actually kind of we
dim the sunlight we limit the amount of
carbohydrate and glucose and when you do
that you also limit the growth factor
the insulin in your blood as well and so
the growth of cancer cells is either
prevented or limited now what we’ve also
shown in
very preliminary studies at the BC
Cancer Research Center is that we’re
seeing an enhanced immune response as
well so if you think of the immune
response as like a weed a weed eater or
a weed whacker
well worse what we’re finding is that
that weed whacker is kind of
turbocharged on a ketogenic diet and so
that helps to to clear the cancer cells
and return us to good health and we’re
seeing with my study is on women with
metastatic breast cancer and we’re
seeing dramatic improvement in 100% of
the patients within six weeks it’s not a
cure but we’re seeing regression of
tumors in all of those women in six
weeks so to leave you I love this
ancient area Vedic proverb when diet is
wrong medicine is of no use when diet is
correct medicine has no offense of no
need ketogenic diet medicine for life
that’s an idea we’re sharing
[Applause] [Music]
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