[Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
imagine that you’re a fisherman you live
imagine that you’re a fisherman you live in a village next to a beautiful lake
in a village next to a beautiful lake
in a village next to a beautiful lake and like most people in the village you
and like most people in the village you
and like most people in the village you support your family by fishing when your
support your family by fishing when your
support your family by fishing when your ancestors lived here there was always
ancestors lived here there was always
ancestors lived here there was always plenty of fish but system invention of
plenty of fish but system invention of
plenty of fish but system invention of factory trawling the local fishermen
factory trawling the local fishermen
factory trawling the local fishermen have started to capture more and more of
have started to capture more and more of
have started to capture more and more of the previously rich fishing stocks in
the previously rich fishing stocks in
the previously rich fishing stocks in fact for the past seasons it seems like
fact for the past seasons it seems like
fact for the past seasons it seems like the stocks are declining and you fear
the stocks are declining and you fear
the stocks are declining and you fear that they will all be gone if your
that they will all be gone if your
that they will all be gone if your children get a chance to take over the
children get a chance to take over the
children get a chance to take over the fish would need some time to recover but
fish would need some time to recover but
fish would need some time to recover but no one seems to listen to your concerns
no one seems to listen to your concerns
no one seems to listen to your concerns so what do you do do you set an example
so what do you do do you set an example
so what do you do do you set an example and take a break from fishing or do you
and take a break from fishing or do you
and take a break from fishing or do you fear that by doing so you’ll miss out on
fear that by doing so you’ll miss out on
fear that by doing so you’ll miss out on your last piece of income so you capture
your last piece of income so you capture
your last piece of income so you capture more than ever
this is a problem usually referred to as
this is a problem usually referred to as the tragedy of the Commons it’s when men
the tragedy of the Commons it’s when men
the tragedy of the Commons it’s when men individuals share a common resource that
individuals share a common resource that
individuals share a common resource that they would all benefit from preserving
they would all benefit from preserving
they would all benefit from preserving only the temptation to make individual
only the temptation to make individual
only the temptation to make individual profit by overuse is so strong that the
profit by overuse is so strong that the
profit by overuse is so strong that the resource is eventually depleted and you
resource is eventually depleted and you
resource is eventually depleted and you don’t even have to imagine being
don’t even have to imagine being
don’t even have to imagine being fishermen really we all face these
fishermen really we all face these
fishermen really we all face these challenges in our day to day lives is
challenges in our day to day lives is
challenges in our day to day lives is this a familiar sight at home where it
this a familiar sight at home where it
this a familiar sight at home where it worked we would all benefit from keeping
worked we would all benefit from keeping
worked we would all benefit from keeping it nice and tidy but I mean why should I
it nice and tidy but I mean why should I
it nice and tidy but I mean why should I clean when nobody else does and I’m sure
clean when nobody else does and I’m sure
clean when nobody else does and I’m sure you know someone like this guy in my
you know someone like this guy in my
you know someone like this guy in my work is not gonna say tional
work is not gonna say tional
work is not gonna say tional psychologist I often meet teams to
psychologist I often meet teams to
psychologist I often meet teams to struggle with getting everyone to
struggle with getting everyone to
struggle with getting everyone to contribute equally and this is truly a
contribute equally and this is truly a
contribute equally and this is truly a tragedy I mean when it comes to the
tragedy I mean when it comes to the
tragedy I mean when it comes to the dirty dishes it’s survivable but the
dirty dishes it’s survivable but the
dirty dishes it’s survivable but the overfishing of our seas is actually
overfishing of our seas is actually
overfishing of our seas is actually happening not to mention climate change
happening not to mention climate change
happening not to mention climate change which we can only end by cooperating so
which we can only end by cooperating so
which we can only end by cooperating so I guess we’re just doomed as a species
no and let me get back to that in a
no and let me get back to that in a minute
minute
minute for why is it that we seem to behave in
for why is it that we seem to behave in
for why is it that we seem to behave in selfish ways it’s because we are
selfish ways it’s because we are
selfish ways it’s because we are innately bad or because that’s how we’re
innately bad or because that’s how we’re
innately bad or because that’s how we’re raised maybe some of you believe in this
raised maybe some of you believe in this
raised maybe some of you believe in this statement that is sometimes proposed
statement that is sometimes proposed
statement that is sometimes proposed that selfishness is natural I mean it’s
that selfishness is natural I mean it’s
that selfishness is natural I mean it’s something everybody does right just look
something everybody does right just look
something everybody does right just look at Steve here
his studies with one-year-olds infants
his studies with one-year-olds infants have been shown expressing care for
have been shown expressing care for
have been shown expressing care for others like handling somewhat a marker
others like handling somewhat a marker
others like handling somewhat a marker that is out of reach or opening a
that is out of reach or opening a
that is out of reach or opening a cabinet with someone’s hands erful and
cabinet with someone’s hands erful and
cabinet with someone’s hands erful and importantly they do this without getting
importantly they do this without getting
importantly they do this without getting anything in return regardless of who
anything in return regardless of who
anything in return regardless of who they’re helping and it’s not until three
they’re helping and it’s not until three
they’re helping and it’s not until three years of age that children start being
years of age that children start being
years of age that children start being selective only helping those who are
selective only helping those who are
selective only helping those who are helpful to others do you realize what
helpful to others do you realize what
helpful to others do you realize what this means as human beings were
this means as human beings were
this means as human beings were evolutionary wired to help were wired
evolutionary wired to help were wired
evolutionary wired to help were wired for cooperative behavior and selfishness
for cooperative behavior and selfishness
for cooperative behavior and selfishness is merely a skill that babies developed
is merely a skill that babies developed
is merely a skill that babies developed to make sure that no one has taken
to make sure that no one has taken
to make sure that no one has taken advantage of this so it’s all a matter
advantage of this so it’s all a matter
advantage of this so it’s all a matter of the environment selfishness is a
of the environment selfishness is a
of the environment selfishness is a matter of design
matter of design
matter of design if we live in a system that allows
if we live in a system that allows
if we live in a system that allows people to abuse her generosity every man
people to abuse her generosity every man
people to abuse her generosity every man for himself we will hold back we will
for himself we will hold back we will
for himself we will hold back we will empty the sea of fish even if we know
empty the sea of fish even if we know
empty the sea of fish even if we know will harm us in the long run just to
will harm us in the long run just to
will harm us in the long run just to avoid being suckers
now on the other hand if the system
now on the other hand if the system allows us to feel safe if we can trust
allows us to feel safe if we can trust
allows us to feel safe if we can trust our generosity will not be exploited we
our generosity will not be exploited we
our generosity will not be exploited we will become those helpful infants acting
will become those helpful infants acting
will become those helpful infants acting out that urge to cooperate
out that urge to cooperate
out that urge to cooperate cooperation is a matter of design too
cooperation is a matter of design too
cooperation is a matter of design too the question is how do we design for it
it was long believed that the charge of
it was long believed that the charge of the other Commons could only be avoided
the other Commons could only be avoided
the other Commons could only be avoided either through centralization or
either through centralization or
either through centralization or privatization or putting it in the term
privatization or putting it in the term
privatization or putting it in the term of your lazy colleague either get a
of your lazy colleague either get a
of your lazy colleague either get a micromanaging boss who gives you no
micromanaging boss who gives you no
micromanaging boss who gives you no autonomy
autonomy
autonomy that’s centralization or erase teamwork
that’s centralization or erase teamwork
that’s centralization or erase teamwork altogether
altogether
altogether privatization anyone up for it enter the
privatization anyone up for it enter the
privatization anyone up for it enter the one researcher who changed at all
Elinor Ostrom was a political economist
Elinor Ostrom was a political economist at Indiana University in 2009 she
at Indiana University in 2009 she
at Indiana University in 2009 she received a Nobel Prize in Economics for
received a Nobel Prize in Economics for
received a Nobel Prize in Economics for her work on managing a commons you see
her work on managing a commons you see
her work on managing a commons you see Ostrom didn’t accept the truism that a
Ostrom didn’t accept the truism that a
Ostrom didn’t accept the truism that a tragedy of the Commons was inevitable so
tragedy of the Commons was inevitable so
tragedy of the Commons was inevitable so she went out and searched globally for
she went out and searched globally for
she went out and searched globally for the most sustainable groups there was to
the most sustainable groups there was to
the most sustainable groups there was to find and did she find them not only
find and did she find them not only
find and did she find them not only fishing villages that I managed to keep
fishing villages that I managed to keep
fishing villages that I managed to keep overfishing at bay for decades
overfishing at bay for decades
overfishing at bay for decades she found the Japanese volition Yamanaka
she found the Japanese volition Yamanaka
she found the Japanese volition Yamanaka where they managed to self-govern for
where they managed to self-govern for
where they managed to self-govern for centuries and a Spanish village of
centuries and a Spanish village of
centuries and a Spanish village of Valencia where the farmers had managed
Valencia where the farmers had managed
Valencia where the farmers had managed to share scarce water supplies even in
to share scarce water supplies even in
to share scarce water supplies even in times of hard draught an Ostrom study
times of hard draught an Ostrom study
times of hard draught an Ostrom study what they all had in common
what they all had in common
what they all had in common and what she found was nothing short of
and what she found was nothing short of
and what she found was nothing short of astonishing something that would change
astonishing something that would change
astonishing something that would change the way we look at cooperation forever
eight principles
eight principles Aylmer also found that there are eight
Aylmer also found that there are eight
Aylmer also found that there are eight basic principles that apply to each and
basic principles that apply to each and
basic principles that apply to each and every group that managed to avoid the
every group that managed to avoid the
every group that managed to avoid the tragedy of the Commons that’s eight
tragedy of the Commons that’s eight
tragedy of the Commons that’s eight steps for designing that system that
steps for designing that system that
steps for designing that system that allows her generosity to run wild and
allows her generosity to run wild and
allows her generosity to run wild and free okay so let me ask you of all you
free okay so let me ask you of all you
free okay so let me ask you of all you in here how many of you are part of a
in here how many of you are part of a
in here how many of you are part of a group raise your hand it can be at work
group raise your hand it can be at work
group raise your hand it can be at work or a school or elsewhere okay so it
or a school or elsewhere okay so it
or a school or elsewhere okay so it looks like it’s not all of you but
looks like it’s not all of you but
looks like it’s not all of you but pretty much all of you great now keep
pretty much all of you great now keep
pretty much all of you great now keep your hand up have you ever experienced
your hand up have you ever experienced
your hand up have you ever experienced some trouble with cooperation in this
some trouble with cooperation in this
some trouble with cooperation in this group but down your hand if you ever had
group but down your hand if you ever had
group but down your hand if you ever had trouble with conflicts of some sort or
trouble with conflicts of some sort or
trouble with conflicts of some sort or some while stealing credit or tardiness
some while stealing credit or tardiness
some while stealing credit or tardiness great so I see – hands up
great so I see – hands up
great so I see – hands up congratulations you guys
congratulations you guys
congratulations you guys you can stop listening now because you
you can stop listening now because you
you can stop listening now because you probably already know what I’m going to
probably already know what I’m going to
probably already know what I’m going to tell you and for the rest of you
tell you and for the rest of you
tell you and for the rest of you listening because what’s so great about
listening because what’s so great about
listening because what’s so great about these principles is that they’re
these principles is that they’re
these principles is that they’re flexible they can be applied to any
flexible they can be applied to any
flexible they can be applied to any group that share a common resource so as
group that share a common resource so as
group that share a common resource so as I go through them one by one I want you
I go through them one by one I want you
I go through them one by one I want you to keep this group in mind if you have
to keep this group in mind if you have
to keep this group in mind if you have trouble with cooperation the solution to
trouble with cooperation the solution to
trouble with cooperation the solution to your problems might just be in one or
your problems might just be in one or
your problems might just be in one or more of these principles I use them all
more of these principles I use them all
more of these principles I use them all the time in my work as an organizational
the time in my work as an organizational
the time in my work as an organizational psychologist because they rhyme very
psychologist because they rhyme very
psychologist because they rhyme very well with psychological research and
well with psychological research and
well with psychological research and group dynamics ok so here we go the
group dynamics ok so here we go the
group dynamics ok so here we go the eight principles starting with number
eight principles starting with number
eight principles starting with number one clearly defined boundaries
one clearly defined boundaries
one clearly defined boundaries I mean first and foremost you have to
I mean first and foremost you have to
I mean first and foremost you have to make sure that you’re collaborating on
make sure that you’re collaborating on
make sure that you’re collaborating on the same thing right
the same thing right
the same thing right so what resources are you talking about
so what resources are you talking about
so what resources are you talking about and who’s part of your group well that’s
and who’s part of your group well that’s
and who’s part of your group well that’s clear to everyone you move on to
clear to everyone you move on to
clear to everyone you move on to principle number two agreements adapted
principle number two agreements adapted
principle number two agreements adapted to your local conditions I don’t know
to your local conditions I don’t know
to your local conditions I don’t know how many in here who’s part of a fishing
how many in here who’s part of a fishing
how many in here who’s part of a fishing village but if you are you might want to
village but if you are you might want to
village but if you are you might want to agree on how much fish each person is
agree on how much fish each person is
agree on how much fish each person is allowed to capture and this is not that
allowed to capture and this is not that
allowed to capture and this is not that easy I mean should it differ for someone
easy I mean should it differ for someone
easy I mean should it differ for someone with a family to support for instance
with a family to support for instance
with a family to support for instance Ostrom found that when it comes to
Ostrom found that when it comes to
Ostrom found that when it comes to collaboration there simply isn’t a
collaboration there simply isn’t a
collaboration there simply isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution so stop
one-size-fits-all solution so stop
one-size-fits-all solution so stop wasting time searching for it and
wasting time searching for it and
wasting time searching for it and instead start discussing with the ones
instead start discussing with the ones
instead start discussing with the ones involved
principle number three is inclusive
principle number three is inclusive decision-making while you’re having
decision-making while you’re having
decision-making while you’re having these discussions make sure that
these discussions make sure that
these discussions make sure that everyone is affected by decision is
everyone is affected by decision is
everyone is affected by decision is involved in making it it can be either
involved in making it it can be either
involved in making it it can be either directly or through a representative but
directly or through a representative but
directly or through a representative but this is crucial austra founder we have
this is crucial austra founder we have
this is crucial austra founder we have to feel that our interests have been
to feel that our interests have been
to feel that our interests have been taken into account so that way when
taken into account so that way when
taken into account so that way when agreements are made according to these
agreements are made according to these
agreements are made according to these first three principles we will want to
first three principles we will want to
first three principles we will want to uphold them and how you go about doing
uphold them and how you go about doing
uphold them and how you go about doing that is what the next three principles
that is what the next three principles
that is what the next three principles are about starting with number four
are about starting with number four
are about starting with number four effective monitoring
effective monitoring
effective monitoring okay so you’ve all agreed on your set of
okay so you’ve all agreed on your set of
okay so you’ve all agreed on your set of rules great now how do you make sure
rules great now how do you make sure
rules great now how do you make sure they’re being followed the fishermen in
they’re being followed the fishermen in
they’re being followed the fishermen in Ostrom study had a creative solution to
Ostrom study had a creative solution to
Ostrom study had a creative solution to this they rotated their fishing grounds
this they rotated their fishing grounds
this they rotated their fishing grounds on schedule so if anyone was trying to
on schedule so if anyone was trying to
on schedule so if anyone was trying to lay nets on that ground that wasn’t
lay nets on that ground that wasn’t
lay nets on that ground that wasn’t theirs at a time it was soon discovered
I don’t know how you go about handling
I don’t know how you go about handling rule breakers of your groups today but
rule breakers of your groups today but
rule breakers of your groups today but it can be pretty hard right Ostrom
it can be pretty hard right Ostrom
it can be pretty hard right Ostrom recommends principle number five a scale
recommends principle number five a scale
recommends principle number five a scale of graduated sanctions if someone
of graduated sanctions if someone
of graduated sanctions if someone arrives late for meeting you don’t want
arrives late for meeting you don’t want
arrives late for meeting you don’t want to have to hire them right away but you
to have to hire them right away but you
to have to hire them right away but you have to make some sort of statement
have to make some sort of statement
have to make some sort of statement otherwise problem behavior might
otherwise problem behavior might
otherwise problem behavior might escalate so what you do is that you
escalate so what you do is that you
escalate so what you do is that you agree on a scale of sanctions that start
agree on a scale of sanctions that start
agree on a scale of sanctions that start with a mild repercussion for mild
with a mild repercussion for mild
with a mild repercussion for mild infractions and if the infractions
infractions and if the infractions
infractions and if the infractions continue you may move up the scale and
continue you may move up the scale and
continue you may move up the scale and it’s important that you agree on the
it’s important that you agree on the
it’s important that you agree on the scale before any offense takes place so
scale before any offense takes place so
scale before any offense takes place so if they do you both have an
if they do you both have an
if they do you both have an understanding of why sanctions are due
understanding of why sanctions are due
understanding of why sanctions are due okay now principle number six is
okay now principle number six is
okay now principle number six is availible conflict resolution usually by
availible conflict resolution usually by
availible conflict resolution usually by following these principles many
following these principles many
following these principles many conflicts are avoided but they might
conflicts are avoided but they might
conflicts are avoided but they might arise at some point so agree on a way to
arise at some point so agree on a way to
arise at some point so agree on a way to handle them beforehand maybe you have a
handle them beforehand maybe you have a
handle them beforehand maybe you have a third party that you can ask to mediate
third party that you can ask to mediate
third party that you can ask to mediate between you like a supervisor or a
between you like a supervisor or a
between you like a supervisor or a family therapist so when conflict does
family therapist so when conflict does
family therapist so when conflict does happen there’s no need to panic because
happen there’s no need to panic because
happen there’s no need to panic because you already know what to do
last two principals puts your group and
last two principals puts your group and the bigger picture principle number
the bigger picture principle number
the bigger picture principle number seven is respect for the group’s
seven is respect for the group’s
seven is respect for the group’s autonomy so there’s no point in making
autonomy so there’s no point in making
autonomy so there’s no point in making arrangements if they’re not respected by
arrangements if they’re not respected by
arrangements if they’re not respected by the local authority whether it be the
the local authority whether it be the
the local authority whether it be the municipality or your boss right so make
municipality or your boss right so make
municipality or your boss right so make sure that you have that respect the
sure that you have that respect the
sure that you have that respect the strength in self governed groups is the
strength in self governed groups is the
strength in self governed groups is the problem-solving isn’t moved further up
problem-solving isn’t moved further up
problem-solving isn’t moved further up the hierarchy it’s the ones with a true
the hierarchy it’s the ones with a true
the hierarchy it’s the ones with a true expertise that gets to come up with a
expertise that gets to come up with a
expertise that gets to come up with a solution and the result better solutions
principle number eight is multiple
principle number eight is multiple layers for cooperating with other groups
layers for cooperating with other groups
layers for cooperating with other groups and this is where it gets global the
and this is where it gets global the
and this is where it gets global the fishing village that you’re all part of
fishing village that you’re all part of
fishing village that you’re all part of might share the lake with other groups
might share the lake with other groups
might share the lake with other groups and they may all send representatives to
and they may all send representatives to
and they may all send representatives to form a council all with their own set of
form a council all with their own set of
form a council all with their own set of customized rules and that council may be
customized rules and that council may be
customized rules and that council may be part of a national network of fishers
part of a national network of fishers
part of a national network of fishers and so on and so on it turns out that
and so on and so on it turns out that
and so on and so on it turns out that these principles are not only applicable
these principles are not only applicable
these principles are not only applicable to your local system they can be used to
to your local system they can be used to
to your local system they can be used to build up a hierarchy of sub systems from
build up a hierarchy of sub systems from
build up a hierarchy of sub systems from the local level up to the entire
the local level up to the entire
the local level up to the entire interconnected system all over their own
interconnected system all over their own
interconnected system all over their own local agreements their own set of
local agreements their own set of
local agreements their own set of customized rules
so here they are the eight principles
so here they are the eight principles and hopefully you identified one or more
and hopefully you identified one or more
and hopefully you identified one or more where your group has an opportunity for
where your group has an opportunity for
where your group has an opportunity for growth the thing about these principles
growth the thing about these principles
growth the thing about these principles is that they make cooperation not only
is that they make cooperation not only
is that they make cooperation not only possible but inevitable if you’re part
possible but inevitable if you’re part
possible but inevitable if you’re part of a group and you want to reach a goal
of a group and you want to reach a goal
of a group and you want to reach a goal and you can do so with the help from
and you can do so with the help from
and you can do so with the help from others without risking being taken
others without risking being taken
others without risking being taken advantage of but instead given a fair
advantage of but instead given a fair
advantage of but instead given a fair reward a voice in decision-making and a
reward a voice in decision-making and a
reward a voice in decision-making and a ticket to that entire interconnected
ticket to that entire interconnected
ticket to that entire interconnected system who would an opt-in by
system who would an opt-in by
system who would an opt-in by collaborating we can achieve things that
collaborating we can achieve things that
collaborating we can achieve things that would otherwise have seemed impossible
Aylmer ahlstrom passed in 2012 but not
Aylmer ahlstrom passed in 2012 but not before her research had given us the
before her research had given us the
before her research had given us the tools needed to make collaboration work
tools needed to make collaboration work
tools needed to make collaboration work as you can see there is an answer for
as you can see there is an answer for
as you can see there is an answer for that fishermen in the village and the
that fishermen in the village and the
that fishermen in the village and the same goes for your day to day struggles
same goes for your day to day struggles
same goes for your day to day struggles whether it be dirty dishes or
whether it be dirty dishes or
whether it be dirty dishes or uncooperative colleagues cooperation is
uncooperative colleagues cooperation is
uncooperative colleagues cooperation is possible if we only design for it and
possible if we only design for it and
possible if we only design for it and now let’s begin
now let’s begin
now let’s begin thank you
thank you
thank you [Applause]
[Applause] [Music]
imagine that you’re a fisherman you live
imagine that you’re a fisherman you live in a village next to a beautiful lake
in a village next to a beautiful lake
in a village next to a beautiful lake and like most people in the village you
and like most people in the village you
and like most people in the village you support your family by fishing when your
support your family by fishing when your
support your family by fishing when your ancestors lived here there was always
ancestors lived here there was always
ancestors lived here there was always plenty of fish but system invention of
plenty of fish but system invention of
plenty of fish but system invention of factory trawling the local fishermen
factory trawling the local fishermen
factory trawling the local fishermen have started to capture more and more of
have started to capture more and more of
have started to capture more and more of the previously rich fishing stocks in
the previously rich fishing stocks in
the previously rich fishing stocks in fact for the past seasons it seems like
fact for the past seasons it seems like
fact for the past seasons it seems like the stocks are declining and you fear
the stocks are declining and you fear
the stocks are declining and you fear that they will all be gone if your
that they will all be gone if your
that they will all be gone if your children get a chance to take over the
children get a chance to take over the
children get a chance to take over the fish would need some time to recover but
fish would need some time to recover but
fish would need some time to recover but no one seems to listen to your concerns
no one seems to listen to your concerns
no one seems to listen to your concerns so what do you do do you set an example
so what do you do do you set an example
so what do you do do you set an example and take a break from fishing or do you
and take a break from fishing or do you
and take a break from fishing or do you fear that by doing so you’ll miss out on
fear that by doing so you’ll miss out on
fear that by doing so you’ll miss out on your last piece of income so you capture
your last piece of income so you capture
your last piece of income so you capture more than ever
this is a problem usually referred to as
this is a problem usually referred to as the tragedy of the Commons it’s when men
the tragedy of the Commons it’s when men
the tragedy of the Commons it’s when men individuals share a common resource that
individuals share a common resource that
individuals share a common resource that they would all benefit from preserving
they would all benefit from preserving
they would all benefit from preserving only the temptation to make individual
only the temptation to make individual
only the temptation to make individual profit by overuse is so strong that the
profit by overuse is so strong that the
profit by overuse is so strong that the resource is eventually depleted and you
resource is eventually depleted and you
resource is eventually depleted and you don’t even have to imagine being
don’t even have to imagine being
don’t even have to imagine being fishermen really we all face these
fishermen really we all face these
fishermen really we all face these challenges in our day to day lives is
challenges in our day to day lives is
challenges in our day to day lives is this a familiar sight at home where it
this a familiar sight at home where it
this a familiar sight at home where it worked we would all benefit from keeping
worked we would all benefit from keeping
worked we would all benefit from keeping it nice and tidy but I mean why should I
it nice and tidy but I mean why should I
it nice and tidy but I mean why should I clean when nobody else does and I’m sure
clean when nobody else does and I’m sure
clean when nobody else does and I’m sure you know someone like this guy in my
you know someone like this guy in my
you know someone like this guy in my work is not gonna say tional
work is not gonna say tional
work is not gonna say tional psychologist I often meet teams to
psychologist I often meet teams to
psychologist I often meet teams to struggle with getting everyone to
struggle with getting everyone to
struggle with getting everyone to contribute equally and this is truly a
contribute equally and this is truly a
contribute equally and this is truly a tragedy I mean when it comes to the
tragedy I mean when it comes to the
tragedy I mean when it comes to the dirty dishes it’s survivable but the
dirty dishes it’s survivable but the
dirty dishes it’s survivable but the overfishing of our seas is actually
overfishing of our seas is actually
overfishing of our seas is actually happening not to mention climate change
happening not to mention climate change
happening not to mention climate change which we can only end by cooperating so
which we can only end by cooperating so
which we can only end by cooperating so I guess we’re just doomed as a species
no and let me get back to that in a
no and let me get back to that in a minute
minute
minute for why is it that we seem to behave in
for why is it that we seem to behave in
for why is it that we seem to behave in selfish ways it’s because we are
selfish ways it’s because we are
selfish ways it’s because we are innately bad or because that’s how we’re
innately bad or because that’s how we’re
innately bad or because that’s how we’re raised maybe some of you believe in this
raised maybe some of you believe in this
raised maybe some of you believe in this statement that is sometimes proposed
statement that is sometimes proposed
statement that is sometimes proposed that selfishness is natural I mean it’s
that selfishness is natural I mean it’s
that selfishness is natural I mean it’s something everybody does right just look
something everybody does right just look
something everybody does right just look at Steve here
his studies with one-year-olds infants
his studies with one-year-olds infants have been shown expressing care for
have been shown expressing care for
have been shown expressing care for others like handling somewhat a marker
others like handling somewhat a marker
others like handling somewhat a marker that is out of reach or opening a
that is out of reach or opening a
that is out of reach or opening a cabinet with someone’s hands erful and
cabinet with someone’s hands erful and
cabinet with someone’s hands erful and importantly they do this without getting
importantly they do this without getting
importantly they do this without getting anything in return regardless of who
anything in return regardless of who
anything in return regardless of who they’re helping and it’s not until three
they’re helping and it’s not until three
they’re helping and it’s not until three years of age that children start being
years of age that children start being
years of age that children start being selective only helping those who are
selective only helping those who are
selective only helping those who are helpful to others do you realize what
helpful to others do you realize what
helpful to others do you realize what this means as human beings were
this means as human beings were
this means as human beings were evolutionary wired to help were wired
evolutionary wired to help were wired
evolutionary wired to help were wired for cooperative behavior and selfishness
for cooperative behavior and selfishness
for cooperative behavior and selfishness is merely a skill that babies developed
is merely a skill that babies developed
is merely a skill that babies developed to make sure that no one has taken
to make sure that no one has taken
to make sure that no one has taken advantage of this so it’s all a matter
advantage of this so it’s all a matter
advantage of this so it’s all a matter of the environment selfishness is a
of the environment selfishness is a
of the environment selfishness is a matter of design
matter of design
matter of design if we live in a system that allows
if we live in a system that allows
if we live in a system that allows people to abuse her generosity every man
people to abuse her generosity every man
people to abuse her generosity every man for himself we will hold back we will
for himself we will hold back we will
for himself we will hold back we will empty the sea of fish even if we know
empty the sea of fish even if we know
empty the sea of fish even if we know will harm us in the long run just to
will harm us in the long run just to
will harm us in the long run just to avoid being suckers
now on the other hand if the system
now on the other hand if the system allows us to feel safe if we can trust
allows us to feel safe if we can trust
allows us to feel safe if we can trust our generosity will not be exploited we
our generosity will not be exploited we
our generosity will not be exploited we will become those helpful infants acting
will become those helpful infants acting
will become those helpful infants acting out that urge to cooperate
out that urge to cooperate
out that urge to cooperate cooperation is a matter of design too
cooperation is a matter of design too
cooperation is a matter of design too the question is how do we design for it
it was long believed that the charge of
it was long believed that the charge of the other Commons could only be avoided
the other Commons could only be avoided
the other Commons could only be avoided either through centralization or
either through centralization or
either through centralization or privatization or putting it in the term
privatization or putting it in the term
privatization or putting it in the term of your lazy colleague either get a
of your lazy colleague either get a
of your lazy colleague either get a micromanaging boss who gives you no
micromanaging boss who gives you no
micromanaging boss who gives you no autonomy
autonomy
autonomy that’s centralization or erase teamwork
that’s centralization or erase teamwork
that’s centralization or erase teamwork altogether
altogether
altogether privatization anyone up for it enter the
privatization anyone up for it enter the
privatization anyone up for it enter the one researcher who changed at all
Elinor Ostrom was a political economist
Elinor Ostrom was a political economist at Indiana University in 2009 she
at Indiana University in 2009 she
at Indiana University in 2009 she received a Nobel Prize in Economics for
received a Nobel Prize in Economics for
received a Nobel Prize in Economics for her work on managing a commons you see
her work on managing a commons you see
her work on managing a commons you see Ostrom didn’t accept the truism that a
Ostrom didn’t accept the truism that a
Ostrom didn’t accept the truism that a tragedy of the Commons was inevitable so
tragedy of the Commons was inevitable so
tragedy of the Commons was inevitable so she went out and searched globally for
she went out and searched globally for
she went out and searched globally for the most sustainable groups there was to
the most sustainable groups there was to
the most sustainable groups there was to find and did she find them not only
find and did she find them not only
find and did she find them not only fishing villages that I managed to keep
fishing villages that I managed to keep
fishing villages that I managed to keep overfishing at bay for decades
overfishing at bay for decades
overfishing at bay for decades she found the Japanese volition Yamanaka
she found the Japanese volition Yamanaka
she found the Japanese volition Yamanaka where they managed to self-govern for
where they managed to self-govern for
where they managed to self-govern for centuries and a Spanish village of
centuries and a Spanish village of
centuries and a Spanish village of Valencia where the farmers had managed
Valencia where the farmers had managed
Valencia where the farmers had managed to share scarce water supplies even in
to share scarce water supplies even in
to share scarce water supplies even in times of hard draught an Ostrom study
times of hard draught an Ostrom study
times of hard draught an Ostrom study what they all had in common
what they all had in common
what they all had in common and what she found was nothing short of
and what she found was nothing short of
and what she found was nothing short of astonishing something that would change
astonishing something that would change
astonishing something that would change the way we look at cooperation forever
eight principles
eight principles Aylmer also found that there are eight
Aylmer also found that there are eight
Aylmer also found that there are eight basic principles that apply to each and
basic principles that apply to each and
basic principles that apply to each and every group that managed to avoid the
every group that managed to avoid the
every group that managed to avoid the tragedy of the Commons that’s eight
tragedy of the Commons that’s eight
tragedy of the Commons that’s eight steps for designing that system that
steps for designing that system that
steps for designing that system that allows her generosity to run wild and
allows her generosity to run wild and
allows her generosity to run wild and free okay so let me ask you of all you
free okay so let me ask you of all you
free okay so let me ask you of all you in here how many of you are part of a
in here how many of you are part of a
in here how many of you are part of a group raise your hand it can be at work
group raise your hand it can be at work
group raise your hand it can be at work or a school or elsewhere okay so it
or a school or elsewhere okay so it
or a school or elsewhere okay so it looks like it’s not all of you but
looks like it’s not all of you but
looks like it’s not all of you but pretty much all of you great now keep
pretty much all of you great now keep
pretty much all of you great now keep your hand up have you ever experienced
your hand up have you ever experienced
your hand up have you ever experienced some trouble with cooperation in this
some trouble with cooperation in this
some trouble with cooperation in this group but down your hand if you ever had
group but down your hand if you ever had
group but down your hand if you ever had trouble with conflicts of some sort or
trouble with conflicts of some sort or
trouble with conflicts of some sort or some while stealing credit or tardiness
some while stealing credit or tardiness
some while stealing credit or tardiness great so I see – hands up
great so I see – hands up
great so I see – hands up congratulations you guys
congratulations you guys
congratulations you guys you can stop listening now because you
you can stop listening now because you
you can stop listening now because you probably already know what I’m going to
probably already know what I’m going to
probably already know what I’m going to tell you and for the rest of you
tell you and for the rest of you
tell you and for the rest of you listening because what’s so great about
listening because what’s so great about
listening because what’s so great about these principles is that they’re
these principles is that they’re
these principles is that they’re flexible they can be applied to any
flexible they can be applied to any
flexible they can be applied to any group that share a common resource so as
group that share a common resource so as
group that share a common resource so as I go through them one by one I want you
I go through them one by one I want you
I go through them one by one I want you to keep this group in mind if you have
to keep this group in mind if you have
to keep this group in mind if you have trouble with cooperation the solution to
trouble with cooperation the solution to
trouble with cooperation the solution to your problems might just be in one or
your problems might just be in one or
your problems might just be in one or more of these principles I use them all
more of these principles I use them all
more of these principles I use them all the time in my work as an organizational
the time in my work as an organizational
the time in my work as an organizational psychologist because they rhyme very
psychologist because they rhyme very
psychologist because they rhyme very well with psychological research and
well with psychological research and
well with psychological research and group dynamics ok so here we go the
group dynamics ok so here we go the
group dynamics ok so here we go the eight principles starting with number
eight principles starting with number
eight principles starting with number one clearly defined boundaries
one clearly defined boundaries
one clearly defined boundaries I mean first and foremost you have to
I mean first and foremost you have to
I mean first and foremost you have to make sure that you’re collaborating on
make sure that you’re collaborating on
make sure that you’re collaborating on the same thing right
the same thing right
the same thing right so what resources are you talking about
so what resources are you talking about
so what resources are you talking about and who’s part of your group well that’s
and who’s part of your group well that’s
and who’s part of your group well that’s clear to everyone you move on to
clear to everyone you move on to
clear to everyone you move on to principle number two agreements adapted
principle number two agreements adapted
principle number two agreements adapted to your local conditions I don’t know
to your local conditions I don’t know
to your local conditions I don’t know how many in here who’s part of a fishing
how many in here who’s part of a fishing
how many in here who’s part of a fishing village but if you are you might want to
village but if you are you might want to
village but if you are you might want to agree on how much fish each person is
agree on how much fish each person is
agree on how much fish each person is allowed to capture and this is not that
allowed to capture and this is not that
allowed to capture and this is not that easy I mean should it differ for someone
easy I mean should it differ for someone
easy I mean should it differ for someone with a family to support for instance
with a family to support for instance
with a family to support for instance Ostrom found that when it comes to
Ostrom found that when it comes to
Ostrom found that when it comes to collaboration there simply isn’t a
collaboration there simply isn’t a
collaboration there simply isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution so stop
one-size-fits-all solution so stop
one-size-fits-all solution so stop wasting time searching for it and
wasting time searching for it and
wasting time searching for it and instead start discussing with the ones
instead start discussing with the ones
instead start discussing with the ones involved
principle number three is inclusive
principle number three is inclusive decision-making while you’re having
decision-making while you’re having
decision-making while you’re having these discussions make sure that
these discussions make sure that
these discussions make sure that everyone is affected by decision is
everyone is affected by decision is
everyone is affected by decision is involved in making it it can be either
involved in making it it can be either
involved in making it it can be either directly or through a representative but
directly or through a representative but
directly or through a representative but this is crucial austra founder we have
this is crucial austra founder we have
this is crucial austra founder we have to feel that our interests have been
to feel that our interests have been
to feel that our interests have been taken into account so that way when
taken into account so that way when
taken into account so that way when agreements are made according to these
agreements are made according to these
agreements are made according to these first three principles we will want to
first three principles we will want to
first three principles we will want to uphold them and how you go about doing
uphold them and how you go about doing
uphold them and how you go about doing that is what the next three principles
that is what the next three principles
that is what the next three principles are about starting with number four
are about starting with number four
are about starting with number four effective monitoring
effective monitoring
effective monitoring okay so you’ve all agreed on your set of
okay so you’ve all agreed on your set of
okay so you’ve all agreed on your set of rules great now how do you make sure
rules great now how do you make sure
rules great now how do you make sure they’re being followed the fishermen in
they’re being followed the fishermen in
they’re being followed the fishermen in Ostrom study had a creative solution to
Ostrom study had a creative solution to
Ostrom study had a creative solution to this they rotated their fishing grounds
this they rotated their fishing grounds
this they rotated their fishing grounds on schedule so if anyone was trying to
on schedule so if anyone was trying to
on schedule so if anyone was trying to lay nets on that ground that wasn’t
lay nets on that ground that wasn’t
lay nets on that ground that wasn’t theirs at a time it was soon discovered
I don’t know how you go about handling
I don’t know how you go about handling rule breakers of your groups today but
rule breakers of your groups today but
rule breakers of your groups today but it can be pretty hard right Ostrom
it can be pretty hard right Ostrom
it can be pretty hard right Ostrom recommends principle number five a scale
recommends principle number five a scale
recommends principle number five a scale of graduated sanctions if someone
of graduated sanctions if someone
of graduated sanctions if someone arrives late for meeting you don’t want
arrives late for meeting you don’t want
arrives late for meeting you don’t want to have to hire them right away but you
to have to hire them right away but you
to have to hire them right away but you have to make some sort of statement
have to make some sort of statement
have to make some sort of statement otherwise problem behavior might
otherwise problem behavior might
otherwise problem behavior might escalate so what you do is that you
escalate so what you do is that you
escalate so what you do is that you agree on a scale of sanctions that start
agree on a scale of sanctions that start
agree on a scale of sanctions that start with a mild repercussion for mild
with a mild repercussion for mild
with a mild repercussion for mild infractions and if the infractions
infractions and if the infractions
infractions and if the infractions continue you may move up the scale and
continue you may move up the scale and
continue you may move up the scale and it’s important that you agree on the
it’s important that you agree on the
it’s important that you agree on the scale before any offense takes place so
scale before any offense takes place so
scale before any offense takes place so if they do you both have an
if they do you both have an
if they do you both have an understanding of why sanctions are due
understanding of why sanctions are due
understanding of why sanctions are due okay now principle number six is
okay now principle number six is
okay now principle number six is availible conflict resolution usually by
availible conflict resolution usually by
availible conflict resolution usually by following these principles many
following these principles many
following these principles many conflicts are avoided but they might
conflicts are avoided but they might
conflicts are avoided but they might arise at some point so agree on a way to
arise at some point so agree on a way to
arise at some point so agree on a way to handle them beforehand maybe you have a
handle them beforehand maybe you have a
handle them beforehand maybe you have a third party that you can ask to mediate
third party that you can ask to mediate
third party that you can ask to mediate between you like a supervisor or a
between you like a supervisor or a
between you like a supervisor or a family therapist so when conflict does
family therapist so when conflict does
family therapist so when conflict does happen there’s no need to panic because
happen there’s no need to panic because
happen there’s no need to panic because you already know what to do
last two principals puts your group and
last two principals puts your group and the bigger picture principle number
the bigger picture principle number
the bigger picture principle number seven is respect for the group’s
seven is respect for the group’s
seven is respect for the group’s autonomy so there’s no point in making
autonomy so there’s no point in making
autonomy so there’s no point in making arrangements if they’re not respected by
arrangements if they’re not respected by
arrangements if they’re not respected by the local authority whether it be the
the local authority whether it be the
the local authority whether it be the municipality or your boss right so make
municipality or your boss right so make
municipality or your boss right so make sure that you have that respect the
sure that you have that respect the
sure that you have that respect the strength in self governed groups is the
strength in self governed groups is the
strength in self governed groups is the problem-solving isn’t moved further up
problem-solving isn’t moved further up
problem-solving isn’t moved further up the hierarchy it’s the ones with a true
the hierarchy it’s the ones with a true
the hierarchy it’s the ones with a true expertise that gets to come up with a
expertise that gets to come up with a
expertise that gets to come up with a solution and the result better solutions
principle number eight is multiple
principle number eight is multiple layers for cooperating with other groups
layers for cooperating with other groups
layers for cooperating with other groups and this is where it gets global the
and this is where it gets global the
and this is where it gets global the fishing village that you’re all part of
fishing village that you’re all part of
fishing village that you’re all part of might share the lake with other groups
might share the lake with other groups
might share the lake with other groups and they may all send representatives to
and they may all send representatives to
and they may all send representatives to form a council all with their own set of
form a council all with their own set of
form a council all with their own set of customized rules and that council may be
customized rules and that council may be
customized rules and that council may be part of a national network of fishers
part of a national network of fishers
part of a national network of fishers and so on and so on it turns out that
and so on and so on it turns out that
and so on and so on it turns out that these principles are not only applicable
these principles are not only applicable
these principles are not only applicable to your local system they can be used to
to your local system they can be used to
to your local system they can be used to build up a hierarchy of sub systems from
build up a hierarchy of sub systems from
build up a hierarchy of sub systems from the local level up to the entire
the local level up to the entire
the local level up to the entire interconnected system all over their own
interconnected system all over their own
interconnected system all over their own local agreements their own set of
local agreements their own set of
local agreements their own set of customized rules
so here they are the eight principles
so here they are the eight principles and hopefully you identified one or more
and hopefully you identified one or more
and hopefully you identified one or more where your group has an opportunity for
where your group has an opportunity for
where your group has an opportunity for growth the thing about these principles
growth the thing about these principles
growth the thing about these principles is that they make cooperation not only
is that they make cooperation not only
is that they make cooperation not only possible but inevitable if you’re part
possible but inevitable if you’re part
possible but inevitable if you’re part of a group and you want to reach a goal
of a group and you want to reach a goal
of a group and you want to reach a goal and you can do so with the help from
and you can do so with the help from
and you can do so with the help from others without risking being taken
others without risking being taken
others without risking being taken advantage of but instead given a fair
advantage of but instead given a fair
advantage of but instead given a fair reward a voice in decision-making and a
reward a voice in decision-making and a
reward a voice in decision-making and a ticket to that entire interconnected
ticket to that entire interconnected
ticket to that entire interconnected system who would an opt-in by
system who would an opt-in by
system who would an opt-in by collaborating we can achieve things that
collaborating we can achieve things that
collaborating we can achieve things that would otherwise have seemed impossible
Aylmer ahlstrom passed in 2012 but not
Aylmer ahlstrom passed in 2012 but not before her research had given us the
before her research had given us the
before her research had given us the tools needed to make collaboration work
tools needed to make collaboration work
tools needed to make collaboration work as you can see there is an answer for
as you can see there is an answer for
as you can see there is an answer for that fishermen in the village and the
that fishermen in the village and the
that fishermen in the village and the same goes for your day to day struggles
same goes for your day to day struggles
same goes for your day to day struggles whether it be dirty dishes or
whether it be dirty dishes or
whether it be dirty dishes or uncooperative colleagues cooperation is
uncooperative colleagues cooperation is
uncooperative colleagues cooperation is possible if we only design for it and
possible if we only design for it and
possible if we only design for it and now let’s begin
now let’s begin
now let’s begin thank you
thank you
thank you [Applause]
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