so the future vision of peace brings
good news bad news and a challenge for
the next 30 to 50 years the good news is
there are many indications that we are
headed into decades with great promise
when it comes to deadly conflict there
are important things that are happening
on the international stage and important
things that are happening within
conflict affected societies that look
promising look hopeful look good
the bad news is we’re seeing a fair
amount of violent conflict around the
globe
this is Mogadishu a place that’s almost
synonymous now with grinding conflict it
could be a building in many different
places around the world conflict is a
reality violent conflict is not
necessarily a foregone conclusion but we
do see this kind of violent destructive
conflict gripping societies around the
globe that cannot be disputed
that’s the bad news the challenge is how
do we pursue some of the promises some
of the opportunities that are starting
to emerge with from within these
conflict affected societies to address
this kind of grinding never-ending
conflict we call conflicts like this
that appear to never end intractable
they resist resolution and it always
appears that if there’s change it’s for
the worse and not for the better I think
that the problem is not that the
conflicts are never-ending it’s that we
are not paying attention to where the
real action is when it comes to
opportunities for shifting and changing
and even transforming these conflicts
most most of my career for the last 20
years has been focused on big
institutional approaches to big violent
conflicts organizations like the United
Nations States regional organizations
governments are focused at the highest
levels on macro broad-based almost
utopian visions of what it means
to be at peace in societies I preach
that I teach that I believe in that we
need to have a big imagination when it
comes to peace the problem is that it’s
elusive that utopian space that
institutional global national level
change is elusive I noticed many many
years ago in Iraq that the kinds of
changes that actually were happening
were at the micro scale at the level of
interactions between enemies this is a
picture that comes from a trip of some
work that I did in Iraq in which Iraqi
Shia Sunni Arabs Kurds Turkmen
Christians from many communities came
together to first work together and
second enjoy the the Kurdish holiday of
Nowruz together this was a historic
moment it looks tiny but the
implications of this were massive in an
environment like Iraq where the
bifurcation and the stratification
between an amongst groups is endemic and
and historic and deeply challenging so I
started to wonder is this where the
action is is this kind of integration
where the actual change is taking place
when it comes to the big conflicts that
we’ve all been working on for so many
years I believe that we’ve been looking
in the wrong place at the wrong level
we’ve been hoping to see change at the
level of the forest but actually it’s at
the level of the trees that conflict
affected societies are actually shifting
there’s an idea that sociologist named
Jeffrey Goldfarb offers called the
politics of small things it’s when
people meet and develop a capacity to
act together to redefine their situation
and to create alternatives to the
existing order he’s suggesting and I
suggest that these interactions these
small
Guil connections are actually powerful
in a political sense because they are
occurring in the context of big massive
unrelenting conflict that divides people
at every level when people connect in
this way I believe what’s happening is
the intimacy of enemies it’s a term that
I’ve started to develop and work with
and I think would like to offer in a
provocative way the intimacy of enemies
is when local everyday interactions
occur that cross lines that transgress
the norms of conflict that say we are
working together even though everything
in our society from law to pop culture
to media to political discourse pushes
us apart we will work together we will
be together we will interact these
create authentic possibilities so this
concept of the intimacy of enemies this
small-scale this micro level interaction
is where I believe the next 30 to 50
years will will will hinge on in terms
of a vision for peace and that is
actually a very radical thing to say at
a time when conflicts are so endemic so
is this urgent is this is this question
of how do we make peace or is this an
urgent question absolutely no question
it is let’s just take a few examples
that everyone is aware of Syria 200,000
civilians killed at least in six years
with no real end in sight we’ll see
where things go
Iraq Afghanistan 16 years of war and you
can fill in the blank there’s so many
other conflicts that are gripping
societies that seem to never end these
are important issues to grapple with
what is the cost fourteen point three
trillion dollars it’s estimated annually
spent or lost to violence twelve point
six percent of global GDP lost to
violence that’s one thousand nine
hundred and fifty three dollars for
every single person on earth
this is a crisis we need new ways of
addressing old problems 2.14 four
percent of global peacefulness has been
measured as going down since 2008 52% of
country’s level of peacefulness has been
deteriorating since 2008 so this would
suggest a trend towards the negative a
trend downward in terms of peacefulness
that’s bad news and it should get our
attention this is a picture from Egypt
during some unrest not too long ago one
issue that’s on the national stage that
again is is Myanmar we can sort of get
numbed by the numbers 600 and 600
thousand mostly Muslim refugees fleeing
Myanmar for Bangladesh it’s so
overwhelming here’s one comment from one
of those refugees abu salim a very
elderly man who made his way to to
bangladesh with his family he said in
total i escaped four times in 1942 when
the japanese came then again in 1978 the
third time i can’t remember but this
time was the most difficult we had to
cross 11 hills and spend 12 days hiking
in the hiding in the forest i couldn’t
walk or sea so they had to carry me the
line that strikes me so powerfully here
is the third time i can’t remember to be
displaced by war and violence so many
times that you can’t remember what the
cause was that suggests we have a
problem that needs to be resolved it
needs to be addressed Peter Coleman a
great social psychologist says we are a
well-armed frightened highly suspicious
increasingly fractional punitive
disparaging of our opponents and
drowning in violence so in this context
how can we envision peace it’s a dilemma
how do we in the worlds of at least
building how do we image peace vision
peace in wartime how do we grapple with
that
my suggestion is we need to start
looking at the details we need to look
at the
cracks and the seams in this massive
rocks of conflict this is in East Timor
former Portuguese and then and an
Indonesian occupied by Indonesians after
the Portuguese in East Timor where I
worked for quite some time again I
started to see this kind of intimacy
this kind of connection happening that
was separate and apart from the big
macro UN interventions or state-led
interventions and I saw that these
small-scale connections had real meaning
had lasting capacity for change but
aren’t we just warlike by by nature by
definition President Obama himself in
his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech
said war in one form or another appeared
with the first man at the dawn of
history its morality was not questioned
it was a simple fact like drought or
disease so if war is has been with us
from the very beginning maybe this
doesn’t make sense the good news is it’s
a little more complicated than that
Doug Frye an anthropologist and others
have noticed that the belief that there
was always been war does not correspond
with the archaeological facts of the
matter other archaeologists other
anthropologists have helped us see that
collaboration actually cooperation
actually has historically been the norm
which is not to say war isn’t a problem
it’s just to say perhaps war isn’t our
entire history so I’m saying two things
now first we are not necessarily a
warlike species
because historically and in in the sort
of historical record that is not borne
out and second if you look in any
conflict affected society you will see
connections intimacy’s between enemies
in markets in malls and hair salons in
restaurants sometimes in schools and sin
and also in intentional intimacy’s
programming where people are coming
together to mourn together or to do art
together or to build new schools or new
housing together so if that exists
alongside and within conflict so these
two things the lack of historical war
like purely war like record for humanity
and the existence of these intimacy’s
that that we can see in any conflict
affected society suggest that this is
possible that we can pursue this this
vision for peace Kenneth Boulding said
if something exists it is possible that
is a profound statement when it comes to
the conflicts that are gripping these
societies this is again back to Iraq
something that looks so mundane a
volleyball game but what’s represented
here in this picture is fundamentally
radical and fundamentally political
because the people in the picture come
from every facet of Iraqi society at a
time when those people are not supposed
to be together
this is a political volleyball game a
meaningful and peace oriented game of
volleyball in the countryside of Iraq so
more and more I believe that this is
where we need to bring our focus here we
are back to East Timor the question of
how do we bring small scale interactions
how do we bring focus to that how do we
bring energy to that how do we bring
meaning to that and how do we support
those team ariz iraqis Yemenis Syrians
Libyans who are risking so much to
create these intimacy’s because it’s
transgressive it’s against the rules for
these communities to interact those may
be informal rules but they’re no less
powerful in keeping people apart
here we are back to Iraq I want to tell
a story about the first time I really
understood the power of the intimacy of
enemies many years ago in my early work
in Iraq I convened and was a part of
bringing together a group
a very diverse group of Iraqis him from
every different part of society every
demographic and at the end of the event
we just had people go around the group
and close out this session with just
sharing a little bit of their experience
and we emphasize that everyone was
allowed to speak in their own language I
don’t know if you’re aware but in Iraq
there are many different languages
spoken Arabic yes but also Turkmen
language Chaldean obviously Kurdish and
others and so each person was invited to
speak in their own language the way that
this session worked was that there was a
small olive branch that was passed
around from person to person the olive
branch came to a young Turkmen woman
which comes from the Turkmen minority in
Iraq and she started to speak and share
in her language in Turkmen she was
immediately interrupted by an older Arab
man from a town called Baku boo who said
speak in Arabic if you are Araki you
speak in Arabic myself and my Iraqi
colleagues invited him to take his to be
silent and allow her to take her time
and he relented the olive branch went
around and finally made it to this
gentleman he took the branch he thought
for a minute and then he started his
intervention his conversation with a
short prayer it starts in the name of
God most compassionate most gracious and
he stopped and the other participants
were prompting him with the next word
and the next word he held up his hand
and he started to weep big burly man big
thick hands tears streaming down his
face the session ended and at the very
end we said what do you think how did
this go and one of the young men said
this was fine but next time maybe you
could teach us about democracy and how
that works I said well I think we have a
little work to do back home but let’s
see at that point the interrupter the
big burly Arab Iraqi stood up and he
said I disagree
this was democracy why because we were
all encouraged to
speak in our own voice in our own
language and that’s what matters and
that’s what’s going to change Iraq that
moment was transformative and electric
in that room that the same man who
couldn’t even hear the language of our
minority would then turn and shift and
transform to embrace that as literally
their reason for being there that’s what
I mean when I say the intimacy of
enemies another example this one much
larger scale every year in in early in
late April or early May there’s a
Memorial Day event in Israel several
years ago a group of people came
together and said what we want to create
is a bi-national Israeli and Palestinian
comb morning event a Memorial Day that
is together and not separate which at at
the level of the concept is so radical
because memorializing tends to be very
nationalized and so this group of people
said no it’s time to change the paradigm
through which we mourn our dead in May I
traveled to Tel Aviv I traveled to the
region and I witnessed four thousand
people coming together at great risk to
themselves and to the people that there
were around them to be a part of this
massive multi-city Memorial Day event
that again brought Palestinians and
Israelis together to mourn those who had
died not just those who had died but
those who had been killed by the call
mourners communities and this was an
intentional moment and it was a profound
moment and what I saw was 4,000 plus
people having the intimacy of enemies
come alive in that room and trigger and
galvanize and catalyze action it’s not
just that moment but it’s what follows
from that moment the transformation the
shift the changes that flow from that
moment of intimacy a huge
absolutely radical experience of coming
together and sharing in sadness and pain
the next example I’d like to share is in
Lebanon and this looks like a pretty
straightforward group of young people
it’s actually some of the most important
emerging leaders in Lebanon from civil
society from business from government
from research from policy at a
relatively young age coming together for
a peace building residential program
that I helped co-direct with Lebanese
and and other professors you can see a
sense of connection here but what you
don’t see is that this that these folks
represent and themselves come from
deeply deeply divided both historically
and in terms of what happened what’s
happening today communities and here
they were coming together talking about
conflict in really unique and really
unusual ways and the the intimacy that
was created here had amazing residual
effect it doesn’t just remain in that
space of young people having a good time
in a university for a few days in North
Lebanon one of the most powerful
outcomes of this has been the creation
by these Lebanese themselves of a range
of really powerful and important
organizations that are bringing this
forward one I’d like to highlight
Vanessa
Vasil created a groundbreaking
organization called focused on media and
peace called map and she is now becoming
a leader in the region certainly in
Lebanon and throughout in terms of
addressing how media can be either a
part of the conflict dynamic or
supportive of peace and and inclusion
and coexistence and and implore ilysm
are these intimacy solving the problem
are they resolving conflict are they
changing the fundamentals of
social conflict the answer is no you’d
have to be naive to think that the
pictures that I showed you before we’re
the beginning of the end of conflict
that’s not what’s happening what’s
happening though is individuals groups
and organizations who are stepping
across lines in ways that you can’t even
imagine risking family relationships
risking safety we’re seeing security the
good news is I’m seeing this everywhere
I look
partly because I want to see it partly
because I believe it’s where the action
is and organizations like the United
Nations are starting to take this very
seriously and more and more it’s
becoming a part of how business is done
good news 2017 first improvement in
global peacefulness in global
peacefulness since 2014 there’s been a
small uptick 93 countries are actually
becoming more peaceful this year and 9
geographic regions have gained in a
sense of peacefulness as measured by the
GPI so there’s more work to be done but
certainly all points in my view all all
all roads lead us back to this the
importance of intimacy the importance of
the everyday the importance of mundane
connections in which people are crossing
lines and making real change in
societies that are struggling I think
that there’s hope thank you very much
[Applause]
good news bad news and a challenge for
the next 30 to 50 years the good news is
there are many indications that we are
headed into decades with great promise
when it comes to deadly conflict there
are important things that are happening
on the international stage and important
things that are happening within
conflict affected societies that look
promising look hopeful look good
the bad news is we’re seeing a fair
amount of violent conflict around the
globe
this is Mogadishu a place that’s almost
synonymous now with grinding conflict it
could be a building in many different
places around the world conflict is a
reality violent conflict is not
necessarily a foregone conclusion but we
do see this kind of violent destructive
conflict gripping societies around the
globe that cannot be disputed
that’s the bad news the challenge is how
do we pursue some of the promises some
of the opportunities that are starting
to emerge with from within these
conflict affected societies to address
this kind of grinding never-ending
conflict we call conflicts like this
that appear to never end intractable
they resist resolution and it always
appears that if there’s change it’s for
the worse and not for the better I think
that the problem is not that the
conflicts are never-ending it’s that we
are not paying attention to where the
real action is when it comes to
opportunities for shifting and changing
and even transforming these conflicts
most most of my career for the last 20
years has been focused on big
institutional approaches to big violent
conflicts organizations like the United
Nations States regional organizations
governments are focused at the highest
levels on macro broad-based almost
utopian visions of what it means
to be at peace in societies I preach
that I teach that I believe in that we
need to have a big imagination when it
comes to peace the problem is that it’s
elusive that utopian space that
institutional global national level
change is elusive I noticed many many
years ago in Iraq that the kinds of
changes that actually were happening
were at the micro scale at the level of
interactions between enemies this is a
picture that comes from a trip of some
work that I did in Iraq in which Iraqi
Shia Sunni Arabs Kurds Turkmen
Christians from many communities came
together to first work together and
second enjoy the the Kurdish holiday of
Nowruz together this was a historic
moment it looks tiny but the
implications of this were massive in an
environment like Iraq where the
bifurcation and the stratification
between an amongst groups is endemic and
and historic and deeply challenging so I
started to wonder is this where the
action is is this kind of integration
where the actual change is taking place
when it comes to the big conflicts that
we’ve all been working on for so many
years I believe that we’ve been looking
in the wrong place at the wrong level
we’ve been hoping to see change at the
level of the forest but actually it’s at
the level of the trees that conflict
affected societies are actually shifting
there’s an idea that sociologist named
Jeffrey Goldfarb offers called the
politics of small things it’s when
people meet and develop a capacity to
act together to redefine their situation
and to create alternatives to the
existing order he’s suggesting and I
suggest that these interactions these
small
Guil connections are actually powerful
in a political sense because they are
occurring in the context of big massive
unrelenting conflict that divides people
at every level when people connect in
this way I believe what’s happening is
the intimacy of enemies it’s a term that
I’ve started to develop and work with
and I think would like to offer in a
provocative way the intimacy of enemies
is when local everyday interactions
occur that cross lines that transgress
the norms of conflict that say we are
working together even though everything
in our society from law to pop culture
to media to political discourse pushes
us apart we will work together we will
be together we will interact these
create authentic possibilities so this
concept of the intimacy of enemies this
small-scale this micro level interaction
is where I believe the next 30 to 50
years will will will hinge on in terms
of a vision for peace and that is
actually a very radical thing to say at
a time when conflicts are so endemic so
is this urgent is this is this question
of how do we make peace or is this an
urgent question absolutely no question
it is let’s just take a few examples
that everyone is aware of Syria 200,000
civilians killed at least in six years
with no real end in sight we’ll see
where things go
Iraq Afghanistan 16 years of war and you
can fill in the blank there’s so many
other conflicts that are gripping
societies that seem to never end these
are important issues to grapple with
what is the cost fourteen point three
trillion dollars it’s estimated annually
spent or lost to violence twelve point
six percent of global GDP lost to
violence that’s one thousand nine
hundred and fifty three dollars for
every single person on earth
this is a crisis we need new ways of
addressing old problems 2.14 four
percent of global peacefulness has been
measured as going down since 2008 52% of
country’s level of peacefulness has been
deteriorating since 2008 so this would
suggest a trend towards the negative a
trend downward in terms of peacefulness
that’s bad news and it should get our
attention this is a picture from Egypt
during some unrest not too long ago one
issue that’s on the national stage that
again is is Myanmar we can sort of get
numbed by the numbers 600 and 600
thousand mostly Muslim refugees fleeing
Myanmar for Bangladesh it’s so
overwhelming here’s one comment from one
of those refugees abu salim a very
elderly man who made his way to to
bangladesh with his family he said in
total i escaped four times in 1942 when
the japanese came then again in 1978 the
third time i can’t remember but this
time was the most difficult we had to
cross 11 hills and spend 12 days hiking
in the hiding in the forest i couldn’t
walk or sea so they had to carry me the
line that strikes me so powerfully here
is the third time i can’t remember to be
displaced by war and violence so many
times that you can’t remember what the
cause was that suggests we have a
problem that needs to be resolved it
needs to be addressed Peter Coleman a
great social psychologist says we are a
well-armed frightened highly suspicious
increasingly fractional punitive
disparaging of our opponents and
drowning in violence so in this context
how can we envision peace it’s a dilemma
how do we in the worlds of at least
building how do we image peace vision
peace in wartime how do we grapple with
that
my suggestion is we need to start
looking at the details we need to look
at the
cracks and the seams in this massive
rocks of conflict this is in East Timor
former Portuguese and then and an
Indonesian occupied by Indonesians after
the Portuguese in East Timor where I
worked for quite some time again I
started to see this kind of intimacy
this kind of connection happening that
was separate and apart from the big
macro UN interventions or state-led
interventions and I saw that these
small-scale connections had real meaning
had lasting capacity for change but
aren’t we just warlike by by nature by
definition President Obama himself in
his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech
said war in one form or another appeared
with the first man at the dawn of
history its morality was not questioned
it was a simple fact like drought or
disease so if war is has been with us
from the very beginning maybe this
doesn’t make sense the good news is it’s
a little more complicated than that
Doug Frye an anthropologist and others
have noticed that the belief that there
was always been war does not correspond
with the archaeological facts of the
matter other archaeologists other
anthropologists have helped us see that
collaboration actually cooperation
actually has historically been the norm
which is not to say war isn’t a problem
it’s just to say perhaps war isn’t our
entire history so I’m saying two things
now first we are not necessarily a
warlike species
because historically and in in the sort
of historical record that is not borne
out and second if you look in any
conflict affected society you will see
connections intimacy’s between enemies
in markets in malls and hair salons in
restaurants sometimes in schools and sin
and also in intentional intimacy’s
programming where people are coming
together to mourn together or to do art
together or to build new schools or new
housing together so if that exists
alongside and within conflict so these
two things the lack of historical war
like purely war like record for humanity
and the existence of these intimacy’s
that that we can see in any conflict
affected society suggest that this is
possible that we can pursue this this
vision for peace Kenneth Boulding said
if something exists it is possible that
is a profound statement when it comes to
the conflicts that are gripping these
societies this is again back to Iraq
something that looks so mundane a
volleyball game but what’s represented
here in this picture is fundamentally
radical and fundamentally political
because the people in the picture come
from every facet of Iraqi society at a
time when those people are not supposed
to be together
this is a political volleyball game a
meaningful and peace oriented game of
volleyball in the countryside of Iraq so
more and more I believe that this is
where we need to bring our focus here we
are back to East Timor the question of
how do we bring small scale interactions
how do we bring focus to that how do we
bring energy to that how do we bring
meaning to that and how do we support
those team ariz iraqis Yemenis Syrians
Libyans who are risking so much to
create these intimacy’s because it’s
transgressive it’s against the rules for
these communities to interact those may
be informal rules but they’re no less
powerful in keeping people apart
here we are back to Iraq I want to tell
a story about the first time I really
understood the power of the intimacy of
enemies many years ago in my early work
in Iraq I convened and was a part of
bringing together a group
a very diverse group of Iraqis him from
every different part of society every
demographic and at the end of the event
we just had people go around the group
and close out this session with just
sharing a little bit of their experience
and we emphasize that everyone was
allowed to speak in their own language I
don’t know if you’re aware but in Iraq
there are many different languages
spoken Arabic yes but also Turkmen
language Chaldean obviously Kurdish and
others and so each person was invited to
speak in their own language the way that
this session worked was that there was a
small olive branch that was passed
around from person to person the olive
branch came to a young Turkmen woman
which comes from the Turkmen minority in
Iraq and she started to speak and share
in her language in Turkmen she was
immediately interrupted by an older Arab
man from a town called Baku boo who said
speak in Arabic if you are Araki you
speak in Arabic myself and my Iraqi
colleagues invited him to take his to be
silent and allow her to take her time
and he relented the olive branch went
around and finally made it to this
gentleman he took the branch he thought
for a minute and then he started his
intervention his conversation with a
short prayer it starts in the name of
God most compassionate most gracious and
he stopped and the other participants
were prompting him with the next word
and the next word he held up his hand
and he started to weep big burly man big
thick hands tears streaming down his
face the session ended and at the very
end we said what do you think how did
this go and one of the young men said
this was fine but next time maybe you
could teach us about democracy and how
that works I said well I think we have a
little work to do back home but let’s
see at that point the interrupter the
big burly Arab Iraqi stood up and he
said I disagree
this was democracy why because we were
all encouraged to
speak in our own voice in our own
language and that’s what matters and
that’s what’s going to change Iraq that
moment was transformative and electric
in that room that the same man who
couldn’t even hear the language of our
minority would then turn and shift and
transform to embrace that as literally
their reason for being there that’s what
I mean when I say the intimacy of
enemies another example this one much
larger scale every year in in early in
late April or early May there’s a
Memorial Day event in Israel several
years ago a group of people came
together and said what we want to create
is a bi-national Israeli and Palestinian
comb morning event a Memorial Day that
is together and not separate which at at
the level of the concept is so radical
because memorializing tends to be very
nationalized and so this group of people
said no it’s time to change the paradigm
through which we mourn our dead in May I
traveled to Tel Aviv I traveled to the
region and I witnessed four thousand
people coming together at great risk to
themselves and to the people that there
were around them to be a part of this
massive multi-city Memorial Day event
that again brought Palestinians and
Israelis together to mourn those who had
died not just those who had died but
those who had been killed by the call
mourners communities and this was an
intentional moment and it was a profound
moment and what I saw was 4,000 plus
people having the intimacy of enemies
come alive in that room and trigger and
galvanize and catalyze action it’s not
just that moment but it’s what follows
from that moment the transformation the
shift the changes that flow from that
moment of intimacy a huge
absolutely radical experience of coming
together and sharing in sadness and pain
the next example I’d like to share is in
Lebanon and this looks like a pretty
straightforward group of young people
it’s actually some of the most important
emerging leaders in Lebanon from civil
society from business from government
from research from policy at a
relatively young age coming together for
a peace building residential program
that I helped co-direct with Lebanese
and and other professors you can see a
sense of connection here but what you
don’t see is that this that these folks
represent and themselves come from
deeply deeply divided both historically
and in terms of what happened what’s
happening today communities and here
they were coming together talking about
conflict in really unique and really
unusual ways and the the intimacy that
was created here had amazing residual
effect it doesn’t just remain in that
space of young people having a good time
in a university for a few days in North
Lebanon one of the most powerful
outcomes of this has been the creation
by these Lebanese themselves of a range
of really powerful and important
organizations that are bringing this
forward one I’d like to highlight
Vanessa
Vasil created a groundbreaking
organization called focused on media and
peace called map and she is now becoming
a leader in the region certainly in
Lebanon and throughout in terms of
addressing how media can be either a
part of the conflict dynamic or
supportive of peace and and inclusion
and coexistence and and implore ilysm
are these intimacy solving the problem
are they resolving conflict are they
changing the fundamentals of
social conflict the answer is no you’d
have to be naive to think that the
pictures that I showed you before we’re
the beginning of the end of conflict
that’s not what’s happening what’s
happening though is individuals groups
and organizations who are stepping
across lines in ways that you can’t even
imagine risking family relationships
risking safety we’re seeing security the
good news is I’m seeing this everywhere
I look
partly because I want to see it partly
because I believe it’s where the action
is and organizations like the United
Nations are starting to take this very
seriously and more and more it’s
becoming a part of how business is done
good news 2017 first improvement in
global peacefulness in global
peacefulness since 2014 there’s been a
small uptick 93 countries are actually
becoming more peaceful this year and 9
geographic regions have gained in a
sense of peacefulness as measured by the
GPI so there’s more work to be done but
certainly all points in my view all all
all roads lead us back to this the
importance of intimacy the importance of
the everyday the importance of mundane
connections in which people are crossing
lines and making real change in
societies that are struggling I think
that there’s hope thank you very much
[Applause]
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