Lord Ganesha
mythology had his head transplanted but
not so early on like we had in 2000 BC
Sushruta an Indian surgeon he repaired
noses of soldiers who lost them in Wars
by using skin from the chin and this is
very well-documented and since cosmas
and damian they replaced the leg of the
soldier from a person who had recently
died very successfully but and today we
are at a stage where we do organ
transplants routinely that’s what we I
do for a living and but this journey was
not easy this journey had many
biological barriers legal barriers
political barrier that we had to cross
before we reached here and we’re going
to talk about that so we get all started
in 1900 when we first discovered that we
have blood groups and with that we
realized that we could actually give
blood from one person to another but
then when we started doing audio
transcript between people they uniformly
fail
we didn’t realize why they failed we
never could figure out that until 1950s
when these two gentlemen they described
the John Dawson he described that just
like blood groups we have tissue types
also got it on as a challenge and Peter
Medawar he described that when you
transplant an organ from one individual
to another individual the immune system
of the recipient is rejects the organ
and that’s why they didn’t work for all
this time and with this learning in 1954
we had our first success for the first
time a successful transplant was done
between her
brothers so richard donated his kidney
to Ronald who suffering from kidney
failure and because twins they they were
twins and because twins have the same
HLA or tissue type
Ranas body did not reject the Richard
kidney and this was really the first
success that we saw the next hurdle was
legal
and so the 19-year sisters who were both
12 years old twins and Lana who wanted
to donate her kidney to her sister
Joanna she was rejected by three courts
because they were minors and she could
consent for being a donor but then they
eventually went to the Supreme Court and
the Supreme Court almost made a decision
to reject that case as well but the
judge asked
Alana what she what she would do next
and then she said innocently that I go
to the next cone I will do it until some
code gives me permission and the code
the Supreme Court accepted their plea
they successfully underwent a transplant
and really it was the beginning of
transplant in this world but how many of
us would have a twin brother or sister
who could relate the organ for a liver
failure or kidney failure very few and
really it was just the tip of the
iceberg that we were scraping and over
the next 10 years about 25 patients
underwent the transplant from the prince
but then this had to be expanded and
around the same time we got 20 raters
and patients who had permanent or
irreversible damage to the brains but
they didn’t have any damage to their
hearts and the rest of the organs they
could be kept on life support
and they could be maintained on life
support for some time before a person
who had permanent damage to the brain
progressed to what is called as cardiac
death as we already
normal death so as we understand cardiac
death is when somebody’s heart stops and
the ECG is a flatline but in the 60s we
realized that there is something what is
brain-dead
we’re a EEG which is like ECG of the
brain that becomes flat and that person
can never survive in fact after about
two days from brain death one progresses
to cardiac death but within those two
days one could donate their organs and
with such organs one could successfully
transplant patients who have organ
failure that they could survive from
that so we started this journey of
transplantation the other thing that
happened at that time that we realized
that steroids and some of the
chemotherapy medicines we had at that
time could be use to suppress the immune
system of the recipient so that they are
not rejected the organs are not rejected
and thus the first successes we started
seeing with the first heart transplant
by dr. Christian Barnard in South Africa
the first liver transplant by Tom Starzl
he is also my mentor and you know we
heard really horror stories about
transplant at that time because it was a
very difficult surgery on an average a
liver transplant would require about 100
units of blood and almost eight out of
ten patients would die of bleeding
during the transplant today we are able
to do a transplant with about two
minutes of blood and in some cases we
don’t need any blood so this was a big
achievement surgically but then still we
were struggling with survival we know
what we had so I will have about twenty
to thirty percent and the other problem
that we were struggling with was that
you know often the patients who were
very sick they would be in big cities
and big hospitals where as people were
suffering from brain death and they
could donate their organs very small
country so there was no way for us to
either shift the donor to the recipient
hospital or vice versa and it was just
very difficult until we devise some
specific solutions that could be used to
preserve old preserve these organs for a
short period of time so the heart could
be preserved for about four to six hours
the liver could be preserved for about
six hours
kidneys could be preserved for about
fellows so this allowed us to control
the rejection with a drug called
cyclosporine these two gentlemen brought
into this world and the success rates
went up to about 80% and we could
transport August between Oh cities and
successfully do them wherever it was
required so it really started off the
air off transplantation routinely and we
were able to do all types of transplant
including a lung transplant and
intestinal transplant which were all
heard of before that in fact I would say
that this is one of the few specialities
where so many doctors surgeons and
scientists have come together in
bringing this speciality and it has been
an unprecedented cooperation between all
of them and all of these people have won
Nobel prizes actually now recently we
have been able to do a hand transplant
successfully and a face transplant
successfully as early as 2010 and the
next thing is that people are trying to
do a head transplant which is also
expected to happen pretty soon so I had
transplant could also be called a body
transplant actually depending on who’s
the recipient so imagine somebody like
Stephen Hawking could be living with the
normal body and would be much more
functional that way
the sad thing about this is though that
we have not been able to use this
miracle of medicine for all the patients
who need it because the number of
patients who need an organ transplant
far outweigh the number of
every year just to give you some sense
we have about 20,000 patients waiting
for a kidney transplant every year in
our country and we do about 6,000 about
5 to 6,000 patients waiting for a liver
every year we go about 1,500 and about
500 patients waiting for a heart and
with over 50 over here so we are far
away from where we need to be and
unfortunately about 30 to 50 percent of
these patients will die before the
transplant without a transplant and
there is only one way we can help them
that is with our signature so if all of
us decide to be organ donors after our
deaths then it could bring about a huge
revolution and this miracle of medicine
would reach every single patient who
needs one and the process is very simple
we just need to sign what is called as a
donor card some of the organs that can
be donated are the liver the heart the
kidney pancreas the intestine lungs from
one person who donates his organ there
are about eight lives that can be saved
and about 40 lives that can be improved
so really one small signature can make a
huge difference to the lives of so many
people and I urge all of you to think
about it it’s a very simple procedure
you sign this what is called as an organ
card and you put your name your age and
under there you take all the organs that
you would like to donate and put your
signature there keep it with you at all
times it’s not a legal document so it’s
only conveys your wishes for organ
donation the at that time the family has
to give consent for organ donation so
talk to your family unless you talk to
the family it may not be possible for
the deletion to happen so I always all
of you to please consider organ donation
and make this miracle of medicine accessible to
mythology had his head transplanted but
not so early on like we had in 2000 BC
Sushruta an Indian surgeon he repaired
noses of soldiers who lost them in Wars
by using skin from the chin and this is
very well-documented and since cosmas
and damian they replaced the leg of the
soldier from a person who had recently
died very successfully but and today we
are at a stage where we do organ
transplants routinely that’s what we I
do for a living and but this journey was
not easy this journey had many
biological barriers legal barriers
political barrier that we had to cross
before we reached here and we’re going
to talk about that so we get all started
in 1900 when we first discovered that we
have blood groups and with that we
realized that we could actually give
blood from one person to another but
then when we started doing audio
transcript between people they uniformly
fail
we didn’t realize why they failed we
never could figure out that until 1950s
when these two gentlemen they described
the John Dawson he described that just
like blood groups we have tissue types
also got it on as a challenge and Peter
Medawar he described that when you
transplant an organ from one individual
to another individual the immune system
of the recipient is rejects the organ
and that’s why they didn’t work for all
this time and with this learning in 1954
we had our first success for the first
time a successful transplant was done
between her
brothers so richard donated his kidney
to Ronald who suffering from kidney
failure and because twins they they were
twins and because twins have the same
HLA or tissue type
Ranas body did not reject the Richard
kidney and this was really the first
success that we saw the next hurdle was
legal
and so the 19-year sisters who were both
12 years old twins and Lana who wanted
to donate her kidney to her sister
Joanna she was rejected by three courts
because they were minors and she could
consent for being a donor but then they
eventually went to the Supreme Court and
the Supreme Court almost made a decision
to reject that case as well but the
judge asked
Alana what she what she would do next
and then she said innocently that I go
to the next cone I will do it until some
code gives me permission and the code
the Supreme Court accepted their plea
they successfully underwent a transplant
and really it was the beginning of
transplant in this world but how many of
us would have a twin brother or sister
who could relate the organ for a liver
failure or kidney failure very few and
really it was just the tip of the
iceberg that we were scraping and over
the next 10 years about 25 patients
underwent the transplant from the prince
but then this had to be expanded and
around the same time we got 20 raters
and patients who had permanent or
irreversible damage to the brains but
they didn’t have any damage to their
hearts and the rest of the organs they
could be kept on life support
and they could be maintained on life
support for some time before a person
who had permanent damage to the brain
progressed to what is called as cardiac
death as we already
normal death so as we understand cardiac
death is when somebody’s heart stops and
the ECG is a flatline but in the 60s we
realized that there is something what is
brain-dead
we’re a EEG which is like ECG of the
brain that becomes flat and that person
can never survive in fact after about
two days from brain death one progresses
to cardiac death but within those two
days one could donate their organs and
with such organs one could successfully
transplant patients who have organ
failure that they could survive from
that so we started this journey of
transplantation the other thing that
happened at that time that we realized
that steroids and some of the
chemotherapy medicines we had at that
time could be use to suppress the immune
system of the recipient so that they are
not rejected the organs are not rejected
and thus the first successes we started
seeing with the first heart transplant
by dr. Christian Barnard in South Africa
the first liver transplant by Tom Starzl
he is also my mentor and you know we
heard really horror stories about
transplant at that time because it was a
very difficult surgery on an average a
liver transplant would require about 100
units of blood and almost eight out of
ten patients would die of bleeding
during the transplant today we are able
to do a transplant with about two
minutes of blood and in some cases we
don’t need any blood so this was a big
achievement surgically but then still we
were struggling with survival we know
what we had so I will have about twenty
to thirty percent and the other problem
that we were struggling with was that
you know often the patients who were
very sick they would be in big cities
and big hospitals where as people were
suffering from brain death and they
could donate their organs very small
country so there was no way for us to
either shift the donor to the recipient
hospital or vice versa and it was just
very difficult until we devise some
specific solutions that could be used to
preserve old preserve these organs for a
short period of time so the heart could
be preserved for about four to six hours
the liver could be preserved for about
six hours
kidneys could be preserved for about
fellows so this allowed us to control
the rejection with a drug called
cyclosporine these two gentlemen brought
into this world and the success rates
went up to about 80% and we could
transport August between Oh cities and
successfully do them wherever it was
required so it really started off the
air off transplantation routinely and we
were able to do all types of transplant
including a lung transplant and
intestinal transplant which were all
heard of before that in fact I would say
that this is one of the few specialities
where so many doctors surgeons and
scientists have come together in
bringing this speciality and it has been
an unprecedented cooperation between all
of them and all of these people have won
Nobel prizes actually now recently we
have been able to do a hand transplant
successfully and a face transplant
successfully as early as 2010 and the
next thing is that people are trying to
do a head transplant which is also
expected to happen pretty soon so I had
transplant could also be called a body
transplant actually depending on who’s
the recipient so imagine somebody like
Stephen Hawking could be living with the
normal body and would be much more
functional that way
the sad thing about this is though that
we have not been able to use this
miracle of medicine for all the patients
who need it because the number of
patients who need an organ transplant
far outweigh the number of
every year just to give you some sense
we have about 20,000 patients waiting
for a kidney transplant every year in
our country and we do about 6,000 about
5 to 6,000 patients waiting for a liver
every year we go about 1,500 and about
500 patients waiting for a heart and
with over 50 over here so we are far
away from where we need to be and
unfortunately about 30 to 50 percent of
these patients will die before the
transplant without a transplant and
there is only one way we can help them
that is with our signature so if all of
us decide to be organ donors after our
deaths then it could bring about a huge
revolution and this miracle of medicine
would reach every single patient who
needs one and the process is very simple
we just need to sign what is called as a
donor card some of the organs that can
be donated are the liver the heart the
kidney pancreas the intestine lungs from
one person who donates his organ there
are about eight lives that can be saved
and about 40 lives that can be improved
so really one small signature can make a
huge difference to the lives of so many
people and I urge all of you to think
about it it’s a very simple procedure
you sign this what is called as an organ
card and you put your name your age and
under there you take all the organs that
you would like to donate and put your
signature there keep it with you at all
times it’s not a legal document so it’s
only conveys your wishes for organ
donation the at that time the family has
to give consent for organ donation so
talk to your family unless you talk to
the family it may not be possible for
the deletion to happen so I always all
of you to please consider organ donation
and make this miracle of medicine accessible to
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