[Applause]
good evening everyone then me today I
will you talk about gender war
but although I feel involved in
the current debate on equal rights
to women this is not the subject that
will be the object of early mountains that this
evening I was talking to you about a fight between
the spermatozoon and the ovum site
that is to say between the genes of the father and
from the mother
good for now it must seem to you
completely not concrete so before
go into details but it’s me
start at the beginning i ‘ll get you
ask a question
tell me what comes to you
the spirit when I tell you the term
animal reproduction
so to have an opinion of the
general population
I asked our good old friend
google and that’s what answered me
so maybe you had in
month head to be honest it’s up to little
near what I had in mind
however, we forget that the majority of
animals do not need partners
sexual intercourse to reproduce
indeed many insects some
arthropods and even reptiles can
to reproduce without a sexual partner
call it parthenogenesis then
how does it work belonging genesis
it’s the fact that a female can
activate itself its new site by
cell division and then give
life to a new individual but the
mammals are unable to make
parthenogenesis so why
why they salamander can do the
parthenogenesis and we for example the
humans we are not able who
we what we have less
or in addition who we do not
lose my dad but not this question
it’s a question of biology
fundamental that researchers have
laid in the 1980s it’s part
two groups of researchers, one to
united states in philadelphia and the other in
england and actually he wanted
understand what they put in
experiments to understand what the
mammals are able to make
Younès membership
for that they used kernels of
reproductive cells the nuclei because
that this is what is contained
our dna ie the material
genetics that will allow to give life
to the new generation
so they did experiments
on the mouse that a model organism
to study biological issues
in mammals
they set up three types
of experiences the first they took
a nucleus of a sperm a nucleus
a new site
they merged to give an egg
fertilize and they observed that a
embryo develop and give life
then to an adult mice in good
health
it’s actually in vitro fertilization
second type of experience this time
they take the nucleus of two nuclei
coming from two new sites
starting from the fact that we need two
masts of copies of the genetic material
to give a living being
however at that time the embryo does not
can not develop what’s going on
in fact it is that the embryo itself
develop and grow but the tissues
extra embryonic ie the
future setting not allowing that to
feed the embryo during pregnancy
they do not grow ok last
experience
this time they take the core of
two spermatozoa
he’s merging and they’re watching the
same thing not embryo development
what was different is that there
it was the embryo itself that did not
could not develop while
embryonic tissues grow
normally
so what do we say about
experiences firstly it shows us
that in mammals we have
need a paternal young man and in
a mother’s water to give a
viable embryo but it also tells us
that the contribution of each
parents is not the same there is
apparently a parental influence for
give an ambri so I’m going to you
give two examples to illustrate
this parental influence the first
this is the example of hybrid species
I do not have if you know but lions
and tigers are able to
mate and give birth to
viable species but only according to the
parental transmission we will have 2
is it different if a female tiger
copulate with a jersey we’re going to have
what is called a league in Cairo is
a big animal weighing almost 400 kg
that is to say about twice the
weight of each of his parents you
have it in image on the left but on the reverse
if a lioness mates with a male
tigers we have a little big tiger we
is a plus or a big animal but this
times 150 kg and as you can
see on the picture
they are visibly different which
may seem strange since they have
each the same genetic material a
dose of a tiger a dose of a lion the
only thing that changes is the
parental transmission second example
who this time is interested in
humans this is the case of two syndrome of
developmental neuro diseases so these
two diseases but they are called the
angelman syndrome syndrome
willi prader are due to the same
mutation
that is to say the same defects
but if it is the mother who
transmits the mutation the child will have the
angelman syndrome where kids are going
having difficulties are going to have this of
developmental delays they’re going to be
very small they will also have some
mental retardation
whereas on the contrary if it is the father
who transmits this same mutation
children will have prader syndrome
willi or his children will develop
problems of satiety they will eat
a lot and then develop shells
obesity and other problems
metabolic once more you see
here that these two diseases are due to the
same mutation or even genetic defect
but according to the parental transmission we
will not have at all and even syndrome
amazing no
I find it surprising and even
fascinating then I ‘m not introduced
my name is yenga laser city I have 26
years and I’m in the last year of
doctorate at the Curie Institute and this
story of parental influence what
I just told you here it’s me
fascinate if wanted to understand how that
works
why do we have this how is it done
how did it evolve in the course of
generations then for the little
story how I decided to
to be interested in that then when we are
learn concepts of genetics
something that maybe you know
already
we are told that each of our genes are
there in two copies a copy coming from
our father a copy from our
mother very well we record that it’s
quite simple so far but when we
advance a little more in studies of
biology
there is a moment when we are told that in
do all this is lies at this
that some genes did much
about 150 out of the 25000 we have in total
some genes are there in a single dose
two but only one back
because some are active only
30 when they are transmitted by our
mayor and some only when they
are transmitted by our father
it intrigues me how it’s done
what ultimately is the same material
the same genetic material but is
something that makes that according to cisse
not share with moms who passes it on to us
it will not be active the same way then
the answer is it’s epigenetic this
famous scholarly terms that you have to
hear in the media sometimes that is
what it means
so epigenetics as his
etymology says it’s something
who comes on top of genetics a
additional information that will
allow to decode our genes between
quotation marks and in this case these genes
which is expressed in a single dose
epigenetics is an imprint
parental whether it’s mother or father
who gives us this gene
we will not have the same footprint
genetics the same epigenetic message
good parent is still a little
so to explain a little more
ethical pools
apparently there are a lot of musicians
in the room so let’s take the example
of a music score a chef
orchestra that will give a
information to his musicians
if he just has the text on his score
he can not send a signal
he may not have given instructions to his
musicians but if we add the notes
of music is fine there that’s it he can
read the score give the
instructions to musicians and music
does not happen in the end the epigenetic is
a bit like that is that we have our dna
these famous at tcg our genes but we can
not read them we can do
we can not understand what they want
to say without epigenetics epigenetics
it’s going to be molecules that come
fix on it not to say actually
this gene he means that at that moment to
a little later he means that ok but
so what exactly is it
epigenetics we talk about a lot
because there is an influence at the level
of the environment
what we eat what we breathe
so an example that I like is
the example of the queen
how becomes your then you will me
tell what she is saying
we become Queen of England because of
epigenetics do not rest assured
on the other hand it’s bees it’s the
case bee larvae
there will be one in the colony one
only who will eat royal jelly
is this one right now he’ll become queen
while the others are working
all their lives so what happens
is that in royal jelly
there are chemical molecules that are going
come modify these genes create some
epigenetic modifications that are going
to make her become queen queen
lives much longer than the
others she lives from 3 to 4 years old arena
especially she can reproduce herself she is
fertile all the others who do not have
ate royal jelly
they will be working will live that
few months and will not have
neutrons to not reproduce
ok super bees but then we
the eyes what I eat jelly
Royal and I become Queen of England
on the other hand we know that what
we have experiences that showed us
recently in any case that according to that
we eat according to our diet
food more or less fat more or
less protein rich do they have a
such chemical
that can change our a squab in
anyway there are experiments and
scientific publications that are shown
and that smiles at the federal and we
know some molecules have been identified
in some foods they were
able to modify our effigy our
it can be interesting because it can
modify our genome spine and especially
be passed on to future generations and
then have diseases related to
metabolism
it remains in the publication state
preliminary course at the level of
toxins and pollutants too I know
not if you have heard of
maybe endocrine disruptors
we know that some disrupters
endocrine can change our
epigenetics is therefore the expression of
some of our genes and that that can
have consequences on our health
at the level of stress and behavior
some publications have shown that
the pegs and that could change
our epigenetics
for that I would like a little bit pressed
the brake pedal because it’s
data that are not yet purely
statistics and who can not be
conclusive on health at level 2 of
humans ok so epigenetics that’s
in our environment
it can change our genes and it can
to be harmful but epigenetics this
is not only harmful as I
wanted to say with the example of music
we need it we need these
modifications to read our genes by
example in all cells
we have the same dna but if a cell of
the skin becomes a skin cells
liver cells or liver cells
it’s because some changes and
epigenetic modifications dictated
to these cells to express a certain
gene or not so I may not know
that right now you’re trying
to tell you it’s great what it tells us
tells but at first I started my
while talking to you about war of the sexes
what is the relationship with all this
so for that I’ll go back to the
these young people who express themselves in one
dose a fascine so much we actually
need to understand how these genes
have evolved over time
why they are kept in one
dose knowing that if they had any of these
genes are if they have a fault we will have
0.2 and these can be defective so
why are they kept then this
observed in the function of these
genes is that those that are transmitted
by the mom are young people who have
tendency to regulate negatively the
growth of the embryo and the future
living beings on the contrary those who are
transmitted by dad tend to
positively regulate the growth of
the embryo say who would have like a
fight at the level of these genes for
regulate the growth of the embryo to
from this observation a theory
has been established
theoretical is called conflict theory
reproductive interest a conflict between
the mother and the father to regulate the
resource of the embryo indeed the sea
who carry the embryo would tend to
want to keep and nutrients for her
same and also for the future
generations to come
so she would like she would tend
to want to limit the growth of
the embryo on the contrary the father wants that
his descent to the most vigorous
possible the strongest possible for
to transmit these genes as well as possible
and he would tend to want that
the embryo is the biggest possible
it is of course an evolutionary theory that
does not have a biological sense that serves
just to explain the evolution of
some genes by looking at their
functions but I’m interested
especially this theory because
I work on one of these
genes that is transmitted by the father and
I could show that he plays a role
positive on growth then this
theory it’s called conflicts
reproductive interest for me there is
no conflict
we are just talking about an interest and
reproductives that makes it between that of
mother and father is the same it’s up to
to say that the embryo
is developing well and we have a
descendants who pass on these young
better possible
so to go back to that term of
war of the sexes
I would like to quote a sentence that I like
well in ricky singer who says that
nobody will ever win the
war of the sexes because there is too much
fraternization with the enemy to finish
as a middle scientific woman
in which women are still too much
little represented when we arrive at
senior positions you have
shown today only in an embryo
we need to develop
normally from the world paternal tribution
and maternal is well in science as
in any other discipline one needs
of an equal man and woman contribution
I put you here also a picture of
my research team
what searching in a laboratory
it’s done in a team by communicating
a lot and we are lucky to have a
equal contribution men and women and I
do not know maybe it’s done
what makes this team so
formidable as motivating everyday
thank you very much for your attention
[Applause]
good evening everyone then me today I
will you talk about gender war
but although I feel involved in
the current debate on equal rights
to women this is not the subject that
will be the object of early mountains that this
evening I was talking to you about a fight between
the spermatozoon and the ovum site
that is to say between the genes of the father and
from the mother
good for now it must seem to you
completely not concrete so before
go into details but it’s me
start at the beginning i ‘ll get you
ask a question
tell me what comes to you
the spirit when I tell you the term
animal reproduction
so to have an opinion of the
general population
I asked our good old friend
google and that’s what answered me
so maybe you had in
month head to be honest it’s up to little
near what I had in mind
however, we forget that the majority of
animals do not need partners
sexual intercourse to reproduce
indeed many insects some
arthropods and even reptiles can
to reproduce without a sexual partner
call it parthenogenesis then
how does it work belonging genesis
it’s the fact that a female can
activate itself its new site by
cell division and then give
life to a new individual but the
mammals are unable to make
parthenogenesis so why
why they salamander can do the
parthenogenesis and we for example the
humans we are not able who
we what we have less
or in addition who we do not
lose my dad but not this question
it’s a question of biology
fundamental that researchers have
laid in the 1980s it’s part
two groups of researchers, one to
united states in philadelphia and the other in
england and actually he wanted
understand what they put in
experiments to understand what the
mammals are able to make
Younès membership
for that they used kernels of
reproductive cells the nuclei because
that this is what is contained
our dna ie the material
genetics that will allow to give life
to the new generation
so they did experiments
on the mouse that a model organism
to study biological issues
in mammals
they set up three types
of experiences the first they took
a nucleus of a sperm a nucleus
a new site
they merged to give an egg
fertilize and they observed that a
embryo develop and give life
then to an adult mice in good
health
it’s actually in vitro fertilization
second type of experience this time
they take the nucleus of two nuclei
coming from two new sites
starting from the fact that we need two
masts of copies of the genetic material
to give a living being
however at that time the embryo does not
can not develop what’s going on
in fact it is that the embryo itself
develop and grow but the tissues
extra embryonic ie the
future setting not allowing that to
feed the embryo during pregnancy
they do not grow ok last
experience
this time they take the core of
two spermatozoa
he’s merging and they’re watching the
same thing not embryo development
what was different is that there
it was the embryo itself that did not
could not develop while
embryonic tissues grow
normally
so what do we say about
experiences firstly it shows us
that in mammals we have
need a paternal young man and in
a mother’s water to give a
viable embryo but it also tells us
that the contribution of each
parents is not the same there is
apparently a parental influence for
give an ambri so I’m going to you
give two examples to illustrate
this parental influence the first
this is the example of hybrid species
I do not have if you know but lions
and tigers are able to
mate and give birth to
viable species but only according to the
parental transmission we will have 2
is it different if a female tiger
copulate with a jersey we’re going to have
what is called a league in Cairo is
a big animal weighing almost 400 kg
that is to say about twice the
weight of each of his parents you
have it in image on the left but on the reverse
if a lioness mates with a male
tigers we have a little big tiger we
is a plus or a big animal but this
times 150 kg and as you can
see on the picture
they are visibly different which
may seem strange since they have
each the same genetic material a
dose of a tiger a dose of a lion the
only thing that changes is the
parental transmission second example
who this time is interested in
humans this is the case of two syndrome of
developmental neuro diseases so these
two diseases but they are called the
angelman syndrome syndrome
willi prader are due to the same
mutation
that is to say the same defects
but if it is the mother who
transmits the mutation the child will have the
angelman syndrome where kids are going
having difficulties are going to have this of
developmental delays they’re going to be
very small they will also have some
mental retardation
whereas on the contrary if it is the father
who transmits this same mutation
children will have prader syndrome
willi or his children will develop
problems of satiety they will eat
a lot and then develop shells
obesity and other problems
metabolic once more you see
here that these two diseases are due to the
same mutation or even genetic defect
but according to the parental transmission we
will not have at all and even syndrome
amazing no
I find it surprising and even
fascinating then I ‘m not introduced
my name is yenga laser city I have 26
years and I’m in the last year of
doctorate at the Curie Institute and this
story of parental influence what
I just told you here it’s me
fascinate if wanted to understand how that
works
why do we have this how is it done
how did it evolve in the course of
generations then for the little
story how I decided to
to be interested in that then when we are
learn concepts of genetics
something that maybe you know
already
we are told that each of our genes are
there in two copies a copy coming from
our father a copy from our
mother very well we record that it’s
quite simple so far but when we
advance a little more in studies of
biology
there is a moment when we are told that in
do all this is lies at this
that some genes did much
about 150 out of the 25000 we have in total
some genes are there in a single dose
two but only one back
because some are active only
30 when they are transmitted by our
mayor and some only when they
are transmitted by our father
it intrigues me how it’s done
what ultimately is the same material
the same genetic material but is
something that makes that according to cisse
not share with moms who passes it on to us
it will not be active the same way then
the answer is it’s epigenetic this
famous scholarly terms that you have to
hear in the media sometimes that is
what it means
so epigenetics as his
etymology says it’s something
who comes on top of genetics a
additional information that will
allow to decode our genes between
quotation marks and in this case these genes
which is expressed in a single dose
epigenetics is an imprint
parental whether it’s mother or father
who gives us this gene
we will not have the same footprint
genetics the same epigenetic message
good parent is still a little
so to explain a little more
ethical pools
apparently there are a lot of musicians
in the room so let’s take the example
of a music score a chef
orchestra that will give a
information to his musicians
if he just has the text on his score
he can not send a signal
he may not have given instructions to his
musicians but if we add the notes
of music is fine there that’s it he can
read the score give the
instructions to musicians and music
does not happen in the end the epigenetic is
a bit like that is that we have our dna
these famous at tcg our genes but we can
not read them we can do
we can not understand what they want
to say without epigenetics epigenetics
it’s going to be molecules that come
fix on it not to say actually
this gene he means that at that moment to
a little later he means that ok but
so what exactly is it
epigenetics we talk about a lot
because there is an influence at the level
of the environment
what we eat what we breathe
so an example that I like is
the example of the queen
how becomes your then you will me
tell what she is saying
we become Queen of England because of
epigenetics do not rest assured
on the other hand it’s bees it’s the
case bee larvae
there will be one in the colony one
only who will eat royal jelly
is this one right now he’ll become queen
while the others are working
all their lives so what happens
is that in royal jelly
there are chemical molecules that are going
come modify these genes create some
epigenetic modifications that are going
to make her become queen queen
lives much longer than the
others she lives from 3 to 4 years old arena
especially she can reproduce herself she is
fertile all the others who do not have
ate royal jelly
they will be working will live that
few months and will not have
neutrons to not reproduce
ok super bees but then we
the eyes what I eat jelly
Royal and I become Queen of England
on the other hand we know that what
we have experiences that showed us
recently in any case that according to that
we eat according to our diet
food more or less fat more or
less protein rich do they have a
such chemical
that can change our a squab in
anyway there are experiments and
scientific publications that are shown
and that smiles at the federal and we
know some molecules have been identified
in some foods they were
able to modify our effigy our
it can be interesting because it can
modify our genome spine and especially
be passed on to future generations and
then have diseases related to
metabolism
it remains in the publication state
preliminary course at the level of
toxins and pollutants too I know
not if you have heard of
maybe endocrine disruptors
we know that some disrupters
endocrine can change our
epigenetics is therefore the expression of
some of our genes and that that can
have consequences on our health
at the level of stress and behavior
some publications have shown that
the pegs and that could change
our epigenetics
for that I would like a little bit pressed
the brake pedal because it’s
data that are not yet purely
statistics and who can not be
conclusive on health at level 2 of
humans ok so epigenetics that’s
in our environment
it can change our genes and it can
to be harmful but epigenetics this
is not only harmful as I
wanted to say with the example of music
we need it we need these
modifications to read our genes by
example in all cells
we have the same dna but if a cell of
the skin becomes a skin cells
liver cells or liver cells
it’s because some changes and
epigenetic modifications dictated
to these cells to express a certain
gene or not so I may not know
that right now you’re trying
to tell you it’s great what it tells us
tells but at first I started my
while talking to you about war of the sexes
what is the relationship with all this
so for that I’ll go back to the
these young people who express themselves in one
dose a fascine so much we actually
need to understand how these genes
have evolved over time
why they are kept in one
dose knowing that if they had any of these
genes are if they have a fault we will have
0.2 and these can be defective so
why are they kept then this
observed in the function of these
genes is that those that are transmitted
by the mom are young people who have
tendency to regulate negatively the
growth of the embryo and the future
living beings on the contrary those who are
transmitted by dad tend to
positively regulate the growth of
the embryo say who would have like a
fight at the level of these genes for
regulate the growth of the embryo to
from this observation a theory
has been established
theoretical is called conflict theory
reproductive interest a conflict between
the mother and the father to regulate the
resource of the embryo indeed the sea
who carry the embryo would tend to
want to keep and nutrients for her
same and also for the future
generations to come
so she would like she would tend
to want to limit the growth of
the embryo on the contrary the father wants that
his descent to the most vigorous
possible the strongest possible for
to transmit these genes as well as possible
and he would tend to want that
the embryo is the biggest possible
it is of course an evolutionary theory that
does not have a biological sense that serves
just to explain the evolution of
some genes by looking at their
functions but I’m interested
especially this theory because
I work on one of these
genes that is transmitted by the father and
I could show that he plays a role
positive on growth then this
theory it’s called conflicts
reproductive interest for me there is
no conflict
we are just talking about an interest and
reproductives that makes it between that of
mother and father is the same it’s up to
to say that the embryo
is developing well and we have a
descendants who pass on these young
better possible
so to go back to that term of
war of the sexes
I would like to quote a sentence that I like
well in ricky singer who says that
nobody will ever win the
war of the sexes because there is too much
fraternization with the enemy to finish
as a middle scientific woman
in which women are still too much
little represented when we arrive at
senior positions you have
shown today only in an embryo
we need to develop
normally from the world paternal tribution
and maternal is well in science as
in any other discipline one needs
of an equal man and woman contribution
I put you here also a picture of
my research team
what searching in a laboratory
it’s done in a team by communicating
a lot and we are lucky to have a
equal contribution men and women and I
do not know maybe it’s done
what makes this team so
formidable as motivating everyday
thank you very much for your attention
[Applause]
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