imagine walking in a wood
in a meadow away from buildings
of man among the great variety e
complexity of shapes that surround us
we immediately identify the modules
applicants of the regularities of the
symmetries in the continuous movement e
change something seems to be preserved
certain structures seem to be
privileged and so we realize that a
mushroom for example is the same from any
part we look at it a centipede is
made up of many rings that yes
they all follow one another
the same all arranged in single file
a butterfly if we observe a butterfly
which rests on a branch then there
only half of the butterfly appears but if
imagine to approach it to one
mirror the butterfly will appear to us for
whole because this is done by objects and
symmetrical living organisms have gods
advantages are stable compact
interchangeable information in nature
on the form and contained in the genes e
build symmetrical shapes structures
symmetrical requires a quantity of
minor information rather than
build non-symmetrical structures like
in an assembly line it’s easier
quick efficient symmetry and then
simplicity but perhaps also for this the
symmetry is synonymous with beauty
from the beginning the Greek thought
elaborated a model of beauty based
on symmetry and proportion its harmony
of forms on the right relationship
right balance between the various parts that
make up a whole and also between
different aspects of the same reality
same qualities as the divine demiurge
he tried to implement
in the work of building the universe
according to the plato, even the world
whole was made up of polyhedra
regular so-called platonic solids
to each of which was associated a
element
air water earth fire the universe itself
but the need for symmetry proportion
it also concerns the representation of the
Human Body
in antiquity in the classical age lo
sculptor policleto gathered in a
treaty that loved canon or already gone
lost a series of rules and rules
that had to serve to define the
ideal model of human body and he
put these canon rules into practice
in a statue called the doriforo the
lance bearer we can today
observe in many copies that have been
then produced in Roman times and that
It is still the ideal for us today
of classical beauty and this ideal of
beauty
continue almost unchanged over the centuries up
to reach the Renaissance all of us
we know the Vitruvian man from leonardo
da vinci where an image of a body
human is perfectly inscribed
in the circle and square figures
all centered in the navel and comes
emphasized the proportion le
proportions of the arts through gods
numerical ratios defined symmetry
for me it is a bit of our whole life
our relationship with the outside world but
asymmetry is not just something that
we perceive when we look at reality
that surrounds us or we try to
reproduce in our representations
artistic
the asymmetry is not just that
something that whose presence or lack
produces in us that mixture of astonishment
pleasure that lies at the base of the
feeling of harmony
asymmetry is not just in the laws
of the universe in the forms of the universe
but in the laws of the universe and for
this becomes one for us physicists
very powerful tool of knowledge the
principle of conservation of energy
for example, that one of the pillars of the
physics is based on the invariance of the
laws that govern systems for
temporal translations
we say that an object is symmetrical
a figure and symmetrical if exchanging in
appropriate way the parties that the
make up the overall figure remains
still unchanged then invariance below
the action of transformations in space
as we have seen for the mushroom of
before it was the same on any side
we turned to look at it but also in the
time an falling apple falls with the
same law
now as it fell with the same law
at the time of newton symmetries then e
conservation laws understand a bit
better this conservation law
we can remember the phrase that a little
we’ve all heard everyone we know
nothing is created in nature
it destroys everything is transformed
here we take, for example, a beautiful vase
crystal we buy a beautiful vase of
crystal and maybe not too expensive e
we think it and it turns out that weighs I do not know a
kilo ok now let’s drop it for
earth and observe it while it shatters
in a thousand pieces
good if we weigh each piece each
fragment of the vase we will get one more
kilo and if it is not so
means that there is something that does not
we are considering because some piece
too small we have not collected it
Our scale is not precise enough
because energy must be conserved and
we have almost confidence
absolute in these laws of
conservation was based on its own
this trust that in 1930 came
hypothesized the existence of a new one
particle to prevent it in a
process of preserved of a process of
natural radioactive decay the
beta decay a decay of a
atomic nucleus the principle of
energy conservation came
violated
so the atomic nucleus was for us
like the vase every time we went to
counting the pieces there was always someone
that someone was missing
to the appeal and there had to be something
a missing particle that was supposed to
we expected it to be there, it took
almost thirty years because that
particle actually came
discovery
we are talking about neutrino neutrino
just as the great physique baptized him
Italian enrico fermi who gave him a
Italian name in fact neutrino know
small neutral particle and this is the
name we use today for
call the neutrino in all languages
not just in Italian
today of the neutrino we know many things
we know that a particle devoid of
neutral electric charge point we know
which has a very small and small mass
we know that our every moment
body is crossed by tens of
trillions of neutrinos without
that we then notice the neutrinos
elusive particles are the most elusive
of the universe and therefore for this
property is very difficult that
interact with the surrounding matter
and that therefore we can observe them
we can reveal them and for this very reason
there are still some reasons
fundamentals of the neutrino that do not
we know
one of these is a fascinating hypothesis
and beautiful is that the neutrino can
be the antiparticle of himself
these hypotheses were formulated by a
genius of physics
ector majorana in 1937 just one year
before it mysteriously disappeared into the
nothing
ettore majorana had written in a
article entitled symmetric theory
of the positron electron of these
the properties of this and some
particles
three neutrinos has even if i
times had never been observed and
so according to him for this for some
neutral particles
the neutrinos were not necessary
introduce antiparticles then one
dry and elegant theory that
predicted the possible number of hypotheses
that the neutrino is also his
antiparticle well, but how do you understand
if the hypothesis of Majorana is true and therefore
if it is true that the neutrino is his
anti-particle neutrino is the same
to the anti-neutrino and that’s where it comes in
I play a process from the name
very difficult to double beta decay
without neutrinos that seems a little like the name
of an Olympic dive to understand that
what is this double beta decay
without neutrinos let’s start with the decay
standard normal beta then the
beta decay is a process of
transformation of decay precisely of
an atomic nucleus that turns into a
other atomic nucleus and if at the emission
of an electron and an anti-neutrino
we know this process well
we studied it well enough
so many times it happens in nature
we know a lot about beta decay
now in nature it can happen that this
beta decay is double that is the
atomic nucleus turns into another
two tonic nucleus are put
electrons and 2 anti-neutrinos then two
large neutrinos
now what happens if the hypothesis of
maiorano and therefore neutrino is the same
to the anti neutrino well then in this
neutrino case antin uterine particles e
antiparticles antimatter matter yes
they would find neighbors during the
decay and therefore what could
happen
and who annihilate null other that is
cancel each other as happens at the
matter when approaching the
antimatter and therefore in this case
we would have a double decay
beta decay the core is transformed
in another nucleus
the two electrons are emitted but none
neutrino anti neutrino double
beta decay without neutrinos now
experimental observation of this
decay could give us would give us the
proof of the certain information that the
Majorana was right that it was true
that the neutrino was equal to
the good antineutrino the problem is that
this decay double decay
beta without neutrinos is so rare that
so far we have never been able to
experimentally observe it then not
we found it well what it is then
the attitude that we researchers us
scientists we can have against
of a process a phenomenon so rare
so much gold that nature is there
keeping hidden is not doing it
see
Well it could be an attitude of
observational type and this is what
they make many scientists in the world, that is yes
they put in the most conditions
sensitivity in the measure possible
in such a way as to be ready prepared
to observe the decay if it were
happen spontaneously as when there
let’s look at the starry sky and
we are waiting for a good shooting star
or there is another approach too
what most involved me and
fascinated more in my experience
and that’s what I deal with in the
my research activity, that is, of
stimulate in the laboratory through the
particle accelerators the same
nuclear transitions that they should
take place in the double beta decay
without spontaneous neutrinos and therefore
observe how they are
common aspects
this obviously is not easy at all
to do this we built gods
laboratories in the laboratories where it is
possible to accelerate a bundle of
particles make them collide on one
target is so provide thanks
to the energy of the parts
those that we accelerate supply to the nuclei
that make up the target energy
enough to make it perform those
transitions that we are looking for those
transitions that are very similar to
double beta decay without neutrinos
it’s like when we are in front of one
door closed and we would like to enter
inside open the door to enter e
then what can we do?
stay there waiting for someone to come out
spontaneously from the door then there
open the door and let us enter
or we can try to knock on
door and then let us open this now
knock on the door of nuclear physics
this means just doing some
experiments of nuclear reactions
then use particle beams
that affect a target and reveal
then the products of the nuclear reaction
but this is not enough because that of which
we need is to understand what
it is happening now the atomic nucleus is
a very complex system
we know that it consists of protons e
neutrons but that interact between
them through a force of which still
we do not know everything and therefore we have
need to model to understand
what is happening in the reaction
nuclear power to draw the information that
they interest us
so once again the search for the
simplicity of the elegance of symmetry
to understand even complex phenomena
like those of the reactions
nuclear
Well, it is often said that nothing is more
distant from the creative momentum
of the rational work artist
quantitative quantity of the scientist
that the beauty of a work of art is the
value the merit of a theory or a
scientific experiment are two
completely different aspects that do not
I can not even compare them
described with the same
the parameters and instead it is not so
very often more than complicated
theory or hypothesis formulated ad hoc
and simplicity is elegance
the harmony that guide researchers in the
path to understanding the
nature that surrounds us
thank you
[Applause]
in a meadow away from buildings
of man among the great variety e
complexity of shapes that surround us
we immediately identify the modules
applicants of the regularities of the
symmetries in the continuous movement e
change something seems to be preserved
certain structures seem to be
privileged and so we realize that a
mushroom for example is the same from any
part we look at it a centipede is
made up of many rings that yes
they all follow one another
the same all arranged in single file
a butterfly if we observe a butterfly
which rests on a branch then there
only half of the butterfly appears but if
imagine to approach it to one
mirror the butterfly will appear to us for
whole because this is done by objects and
symmetrical living organisms have gods
advantages are stable compact
interchangeable information in nature
on the form and contained in the genes e
build symmetrical shapes structures
symmetrical requires a quantity of
minor information rather than
build non-symmetrical structures like
in an assembly line it’s easier
quick efficient symmetry and then
simplicity but perhaps also for this the
symmetry is synonymous with beauty
from the beginning the Greek thought
elaborated a model of beauty based
on symmetry and proportion its harmony
of forms on the right relationship
right balance between the various parts that
make up a whole and also between
different aspects of the same reality
same qualities as the divine demiurge
he tried to implement
in the work of building the universe
according to the plato, even the world
whole was made up of polyhedra
regular so-called platonic solids
to each of which was associated a
element
air water earth fire the universe itself
but the need for symmetry proportion
it also concerns the representation of the
Human Body
in antiquity in the classical age lo
sculptor policleto gathered in a
treaty that loved canon or already gone
lost a series of rules and rules
that had to serve to define the
ideal model of human body and he
put these canon rules into practice
in a statue called the doriforo the
lance bearer we can today
observe in many copies that have been
then produced in Roman times and that
It is still the ideal for us today
of classical beauty and this ideal of
beauty
continue almost unchanged over the centuries up
to reach the Renaissance all of us
we know the Vitruvian man from leonardo
da vinci where an image of a body
human is perfectly inscribed
in the circle and square figures
all centered in the navel and comes
emphasized the proportion le
proportions of the arts through gods
numerical ratios defined symmetry
for me it is a bit of our whole life
our relationship with the outside world but
asymmetry is not just something that
we perceive when we look at reality
that surrounds us or we try to
reproduce in our representations
artistic
the asymmetry is not just that
something that whose presence or lack
produces in us that mixture of astonishment
pleasure that lies at the base of the
feeling of harmony
asymmetry is not just in the laws
of the universe in the forms of the universe
but in the laws of the universe and for
this becomes one for us physicists
very powerful tool of knowledge the
principle of conservation of energy
for example, that one of the pillars of the
physics is based on the invariance of the
laws that govern systems for
temporal translations
we say that an object is symmetrical
a figure and symmetrical if exchanging in
appropriate way the parties that the
make up the overall figure remains
still unchanged then invariance below
the action of transformations in space
as we have seen for the mushroom of
before it was the same on any side
we turned to look at it but also in the
time an falling apple falls with the
same law
now as it fell with the same law
at the time of newton symmetries then e
conservation laws understand a bit
better this conservation law
we can remember the phrase that a little
we’ve all heard everyone we know
nothing is created in nature
it destroys everything is transformed
here we take, for example, a beautiful vase
crystal we buy a beautiful vase of
crystal and maybe not too expensive e
we think it and it turns out that weighs I do not know a
kilo ok now let’s drop it for
earth and observe it while it shatters
in a thousand pieces
good if we weigh each piece each
fragment of the vase we will get one more
kilo and if it is not so
means that there is something that does not
we are considering because some piece
too small we have not collected it
Our scale is not precise enough
because energy must be conserved and
we have almost confidence
absolute in these laws of
conservation was based on its own
this trust that in 1930 came
hypothesized the existence of a new one
particle to prevent it in a
process of preserved of a process of
natural radioactive decay the
beta decay a decay of a
atomic nucleus the principle of
energy conservation came
violated
so the atomic nucleus was for us
like the vase every time we went to
counting the pieces there was always someone
that someone was missing
to the appeal and there had to be something
a missing particle that was supposed to
we expected it to be there, it took
almost thirty years because that
particle actually came
discovery
we are talking about neutrino neutrino
just as the great physique baptized him
Italian enrico fermi who gave him a
Italian name in fact neutrino know
small neutral particle and this is the
name we use today for
call the neutrino in all languages
not just in Italian
today of the neutrino we know many things
we know that a particle devoid of
neutral electric charge point we know
which has a very small and small mass
we know that our every moment
body is crossed by tens of
trillions of neutrinos without
that we then notice the neutrinos
elusive particles are the most elusive
of the universe and therefore for this
property is very difficult that
interact with the surrounding matter
and that therefore we can observe them
we can reveal them and for this very reason
there are still some reasons
fundamentals of the neutrino that do not
we know
one of these is a fascinating hypothesis
and beautiful is that the neutrino can
be the antiparticle of himself
these hypotheses were formulated by a
genius of physics
ector majorana in 1937 just one year
before it mysteriously disappeared into the
nothing
ettore majorana had written in a
article entitled symmetric theory
of the positron electron of these
the properties of this and some
particles
three neutrinos has even if i
times had never been observed and
so according to him for this for some
neutral particles
the neutrinos were not necessary
introduce antiparticles then one
dry and elegant theory that
predicted the possible number of hypotheses
that the neutrino is also his
antiparticle well, but how do you understand
if the hypothesis of Majorana is true and therefore
if it is true that the neutrino is his
anti-particle neutrino is the same
to the anti-neutrino and that’s where it comes in
I play a process from the name
very difficult to double beta decay
without neutrinos that seems a little like the name
of an Olympic dive to understand that
what is this double beta decay
without neutrinos let’s start with the decay
standard normal beta then the
beta decay is a process of
transformation of decay precisely of
an atomic nucleus that turns into a
other atomic nucleus and if at the emission
of an electron and an anti-neutrino
we know this process well
we studied it well enough
so many times it happens in nature
we know a lot about beta decay
now in nature it can happen that this
beta decay is double that is the
atomic nucleus turns into another
two tonic nucleus are put
electrons and 2 anti-neutrinos then two
large neutrinos
now what happens if the hypothesis of
maiorano and therefore neutrino is the same
to the anti neutrino well then in this
neutrino case antin uterine particles e
antiparticles antimatter matter yes
they would find neighbors during the
decay and therefore what could
happen
and who annihilate null other that is
cancel each other as happens at the
matter when approaching the
antimatter and therefore in this case
we would have a double decay
beta decay the core is transformed
in another nucleus
the two electrons are emitted but none
neutrino anti neutrino double
beta decay without neutrinos now
experimental observation of this
decay could give us would give us the
proof of the certain information that the
Majorana was right that it was true
that the neutrino was equal to
the good antineutrino the problem is that
this decay double decay
beta without neutrinos is so rare that
so far we have never been able to
experimentally observe it then not
we found it well what it is then
the attitude that we researchers us
scientists we can have against
of a process a phenomenon so rare
so much gold that nature is there
keeping hidden is not doing it
see
Well it could be an attitude of
observational type and this is what
they make many scientists in the world, that is yes
they put in the most conditions
sensitivity in the measure possible
in such a way as to be ready prepared
to observe the decay if it were
happen spontaneously as when there
let’s look at the starry sky and
we are waiting for a good shooting star
or there is another approach too
what most involved me and
fascinated more in my experience
and that’s what I deal with in the
my research activity, that is, of
stimulate in the laboratory through the
particle accelerators the same
nuclear transitions that they should
take place in the double beta decay
without spontaneous neutrinos and therefore
observe how they are
common aspects
this obviously is not easy at all
to do this we built gods
laboratories in the laboratories where it is
possible to accelerate a bundle of
particles make them collide on one
target is so provide thanks
to the energy of the parts
those that we accelerate supply to the nuclei
that make up the target energy
enough to make it perform those
transitions that we are looking for those
transitions that are very similar to
double beta decay without neutrinos
it’s like when we are in front of one
door closed and we would like to enter
inside open the door to enter e
then what can we do?
stay there waiting for someone to come out
spontaneously from the door then there
open the door and let us enter
or we can try to knock on
door and then let us open this now
knock on the door of nuclear physics
this means just doing some
experiments of nuclear reactions
then use particle beams
that affect a target and reveal
then the products of the nuclear reaction
but this is not enough because that of which
we need is to understand what
it is happening now the atomic nucleus is
a very complex system
we know that it consists of protons e
neutrons but that interact between
them through a force of which still
we do not know everything and therefore we have
need to model to understand
what is happening in the reaction
nuclear power to draw the information that
they interest us
so once again the search for the
simplicity of the elegance of symmetry
to understand even complex phenomena
like those of the reactions
nuclear
Well, it is often said that nothing is more
distant from the creative momentum
of the rational work artist
quantitative quantity of the scientist
that the beauty of a work of art is the
value the merit of a theory or a
scientific experiment are two
completely different aspects that do not
I can not even compare them
described with the same
the parameters and instead it is not so
very often more than complicated
theory or hypothesis formulated ad hoc
and simplicity is elegance
the harmony that guide researchers in the
path to understanding the
nature that surrounds us
thank you
[Applause]
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