Hello
who among you has already seen on the internet
a video of animals doing things
completely crazy
for example a cat and an owl who
spend their time having fun together
a wildebeest that gets attacked by a
crocodile and there are two hippos that
arrive and who saved him or
friendship stories a little crazy like a
bear and a tiger etc
it’s crazy no it’s been hundreds of
millions of seen and we find it crazy the
question is why are we
find it crazy and in fact we are used to it
to conceive of nature as a whole
specific species that make
behaviors that have that have genes and
and everything is neat and tidy
in fact all these animals and plants
evolves in a nature with
chain predation relationships
aggression competition food
etc.
darwin was talking about the selection of the most
able and then philosophers have
transformed those words we were talking about law
of the strongest or law of the jungle
about fifteen years ago actually I
worked in the jungle precisely
it was in Guyana and I studied
ant behavior I did
a few years of research and I have
actually seen ants who who
was capturing prey here a fly she
did it by cooperating and then I saw
also ants that associates with
trees here at a particular plant
which produces an exodus to sweeten on
nectary extra bloom ants this
ant this species comes to drink
and in exchange offers some protection
to the tree against insect pests
food against protection and then
this ant she makes nests in
cardboard under the leaves
it’s an arboreal ants and we
realized with colleagues
researchers who had
ladybugs who lived in close
dance association or with the ants
it’s weird ladybugs and
ants usually and then even has some
wasps of the little wasps that
nest in ant nests
in close association also then
finally what in the jungle what is it
is happening is actually I got
interested in parallel of my thesis
for years to everything that is
was going into the animal world and then
I expanded but my readings let’s say
vegetable world with mushrooms also to
microorganisms
I went to see what was doing what
did humans in economics
psychology in politics and
neuroscience and I lived finally I
lived big clicks that changed my
worldview my way of seeing
other living beings and cc clicks I
wanted to share with you today
we’ll go for a walk in the jungle
and we know ants ants
it’s a family they help each other and
biologists speak of altruism that
india is an ants but it can
be bees termites ago
many animal societies that live
in family colonies and one of
individuals sacrifices himself for his
congeners by altruism are no
moral connotation that’s how they
call they call these
behaviors and then that can be too
within a species but between
unrelated individuals there are more than
families but we associate ourselves then we
speak more cooperation for here this
are pigeons that escape more
easily to predators by partnering
cooperating but it can be wolves
who hunt in packs and his thousands
examples and then there are
species associations here actually
pollination and ben that’s a one
kind of mutual benefit association
between the plant that provides milk
sweet liquid in exchange for the
dispersion of the displacement of its gametes
pollen transport against food
and there too, there are thousands
examples and in tanzania in kenya there are
also associations for example in
big migrations
there are thousands of one of the millions
of the same individuals who are concerned
we who joins zebras and
gazelles and zebras in fact that’s
a little gps what wildebeest they are
strong on smell and zebras he sees
further and the gazelles they
hear better together it’s better
it’s more effective and in the in the
forest eh ben it’s also crazy because
it’s been a few years since
scientists discover things
unbelievable
for example we start to know
now pretty well and the idea
popularized that tree roots get
prolonged by mushrooms
mycorrhizae that allow the tree
to go deeper further capture
the water take the nutrients and in
exchange
the tree that photo synthesizes offers
mushroom sugars we have a symbiosis
very very effective which is very widespread
but the mushroom is clever because
that in fact in the forest he made a
large network that interconnects all
the roots of plants and trees
so that the trees between them can
to associate, that is to say are transmitted
nutrients via mic mycorrhizae
and the healthier trees that
capture more sugar they will be able to
offer finally give give sucks
transfer sugars to individuals the
young people who are growing where
the sick or those who have trouble or
those who are more in the shade and who in
need and what’s crazy is that
it happens also between species
different
a job can transfer sugars a
fir tree and vice versa
in fact what we realize and that’s
the trees it’s invented
for millions of years
family allowances and the
social security millions of years
before us I resume the expression of the
biologist gauthier chapel with whom
I wrote this book on self help and
in humans then but in humans
there is a diversity of ways of
to help each other to associate who implies
it’s very complex that involves
feelings as diverse as friendship
love trust the feeling
equity
and the sense of security the
reputation and its traits we will not
go into details now
just do you mean on the human the
choir of mutual aid in humans
and it’s very powerful it’s empathy
it is this ability that we have very
deeply ingrained in us to put ourselves
in the place of the other to feel this
what does the other feel in us what
feel the other he is in us and that
it’s something that happens very early
we are we are wired for that there are
wonderful experiences on babies soon
9 months to 7 months developing
behaviors already they already show
social behaviors even before
to have acquired language or reason
etc.
and then at our cousins primates
also very similar behaviors
with a lot of empathy and it’s in
empathize
it’s a game of infinite mirrors that
allows to enter a circle in
a reciprocal relationship
that ‘s the heart of helping one another
the human being and the human being
he has this exceptional ability to
extend reciprocity beyond
small groups
because reciprocity it existed
many species but in humans we
can extend it through contracts of
social norms of institutions to
extremely wide groups extremely
large of several thousand million
people
so that we have become a
ultra social species and it’s unique
in the world in the living world one
can cooperate between millions of individuals
even between people who know each other
not between anonymous people and that’s
so in the jungle what is these
click is good with gauthier which
marked us did that change our
way of seeing the world knows that
the mutual help actually the ways of
to associate the ways that beings have
alive to associate are the self-help
everywhere everywhere and all the time and
since the dawn of time
in fact it’s one of the big matrix of
the jungle is what we called
the other law of the jungle
but just realize it
just believe it just the
see and understand it and there is
something else that struck us
is that there are actually many ways
to associate living things have
developed full of colors full of
two different ways
here are two it’s a kind of mosaic
of all colors this is what we have
called diversity symbiosis the
biodiversity of ways of being
together and to associate and it abounds
in the jungle and there is one last one
last thing that seems fundamental
and that is also a big click that’s
it’s not necessarily the most
forts that survive in the jungle
it can but it’s not necessarily the
stronger are those who cooperate the
more and there is better
in the 90s researchers in
the rocky mountains in the mountains to
united states led by a team of
symposia led by hagan callaway but
they made quite some discoveries
amazing
in fact at the bottom of the valley they have
showed that they had a coexistence
between pine and fir trees and when
removed the pines the firs be carried
place that means there was
competition between agree until then
no wonder but they went in
top of the mountain where the conditions
are more difficult at the bottom of the valley
it’s hot there are a lot of
nutrients and that’s at the top of the
Mountain
it’s cold there are more conditions
difficult increasingly hostile – to
nutrients and there is always the
coexistence between pines and fir trees except
that when you take a loaf of bread
grows less well, that is to say that for
the same species same association
when the climate when the middle becomes
more hostile the mutual help emerge
it’s crazy there is a formidable
experience that was done in 2016 by
researchers and in the Netherlands
they took two strains of yeast and
every strain was transformed
could not produce a certain type
of amino acids so two types of acids
different amines and the researchers have
put these two strains in a bath with
the two amino acids a very bath
rich in amino acid nutrients
what they observed is that both
strains began to enter
competition
and finally there is one that you have and
the other is actually putting the two
strains and by depleting the environment in
amino acids the researchers are rendered
account that the competition will decrease from
stop and then impoverish
still the middle the two strains get
are set to associate themselves with cooperating in
help each other
why because one started
produce the amino acids of each other and
then further impoverishing the medium
very very poor mining amino acid
and well both strains are found
in an obligatory association so
of symbiosis oullins could not anymore
live without the other
it’s crazy and that’s what happens at
penguins for example but also
thousands of examples when the conditions
are difficult
there may be winds to less than
100 degrees felt if the penguins
were competing each for himself
they would all be dead already in the being
human
there is something similar
specialists of sociologists psychologists
who studied two disasters the
tsunamis the terrorist attacks here
it’s in the world trade center in 2001
plane crashes fires the
earthquakes and serves all
ten the speeches the testimonies of the
survivors converge
there is never panic or very very
very rarely in conditions
Special
there is more one goes to the epicenter of the
catastrophe of the phenomenon the more there is
calm self-organization of self-help
altruism sadistic behaviors
extreme and in fact even unconditional
extraordinary there are researchers who
have made savings games that they have
placed participants around here
a table with each a little money
he had to participate in a common good
they could not participate and the
researchers have noticed that those who
were participating the fastest who was playing the
the faster it is the most cooperative
so they are ten it’s interesting
good will speed things up so they
asked the participants to play
faster more spontaneously and
overall people were more
cooperative more pro social and after they
asked people
to take their time thinking and
people were more selfish and actually
the human being he has this ability
this feature earlier he was born
tennis means that at birth
we did not finish our maturation go
continue to grow to grow over our
ripening outside the belly of our
mother
that is to say that at birth we are
extremely vulnerable but extremely
unable to cope and needs
mom dad needs so tents on
needs grandparents of the big
mother we need the clan we need to
the society of culture
we need two of the others and that’s
this hyper ultra vulnerability but who
made us ultra social beings
so ultra powerful and that’s the paradox
of the human then this is the big
click the last click I wanted
you present
it’s like a hostile environment
to emerge help is one of the lessons
from the jungle
it’s crazy no
and you still do not believe it is
normal it’s normal because it’s
amazing and that’s normal too because
that the human being
he has this ability also to be in his
head it’s been around 70 thousand years ago that
has gone through some sort of revolution
cognitive and we tell stories
and we are in our myths in our
stories in our storytelling and there we
believes deeply because it gives
meaning to the world to our existence and we
happens to do wonders with that this
which is unique in the living world and
we also manage to organize for
massacring his neighbor on a large scale
we manage to do it thanks to all and
all these stories we tell
we can believe some crazy things
as for example of acquired to him there
has only one lane in the jungle and there
believe deeply
and so our society has become
extremely competent in competition
for a few decades we have
Business School Economics College
nobel prizes of the equations and that’s
very well but now it’s big
time to become competent and
become competent in cooperation in
altruism in solidarity in fraternity and
it’s to revisit duty is to put the
projectors on the other part of the
board
it’s really important why that’s
question why are not without knowing
that global disasters are in
train to take place
and I’m not talking about climate and the
problem with our society is that we
lives in a society of plenty and that
a society of plenty is not that the
problem is that it allows the emergence
of a culture of selfishness a culture
of the competition
in fact competition and selfishness
it is a luxury of rich and suddenly with
the times the coming storms being
difficult who come it may be that
shortages or disasters are
problems in itself but the main
problem because we know how to manage
shortages since hundreds of
thousands of years and the human being there
know how to handle that the problem it’s
to arrive abruptly in shortages
with a culture of egoism that’s it
which creates short-term behaviors
selfish and toxic and dangerous and
violent this is what shows the
living
what the living shows us is that at
long term these are the most
cooperatives that survive
it’s up to us to recreate ourselves
stories of myth stories and there
believe and go
for as a species crossed the
century
happened to cross the century maybe
beyond in any case at least until
2084 thank you for your attention
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
who among you has already seen on the internet
a video of animals doing things
completely crazy
for example a cat and an owl who
spend their time having fun together
a wildebeest that gets attacked by a
crocodile and there are two hippos that
arrive and who saved him or
friendship stories a little crazy like a
bear and a tiger etc
it’s crazy no it’s been hundreds of
millions of seen and we find it crazy the
question is why are we
find it crazy and in fact we are used to it
to conceive of nature as a whole
specific species that make
behaviors that have that have genes and
and everything is neat and tidy
in fact all these animals and plants
evolves in a nature with
chain predation relationships
aggression competition food
etc.
darwin was talking about the selection of the most
able and then philosophers have
transformed those words we were talking about law
of the strongest or law of the jungle
about fifteen years ago actually I
worked in the jungle precisely
it was in Guyana and I studied
ant behavior I did
a few years of research and I have
actually seen ants who who
was capturing prey here a fly she
did it by cooperating and then I saw
also ants that associates with
trees here at a particular plant
which produces an exodus to sweeten on
nectary extra bloom ants this
ant this species comes to drink
and in exchange offers some protection
to the tree against insect pests
food against protection and then
this ant she makes nests in
cardboard under the leaves
it’s an arboreal ants and we
realized with colleagues
researchers who had
ladybugs who lived in close
dance association or with the ants
it’s weird ladybugs and
ants usually and then even has some
wasps of the little wasps that
nest in ant nests
in close association also then
finally what in the jungle what is it
is happening is actually I got
interested in parallel of my thesis
for years to everything that is
was going into the animal world and then
I expanded but my readings let’s say
vegetable world with mushrooms also to
microorganisms
I went to see what was doing what
did humans in economics
psychology in politics and
neuroscience and I lived finally I
lived big clicks that changed my
worldview my way of seeing
other living beings and cc clicks I
wanted to share with you today
we’ll go for a walk in the jungle
and we know ants ants
it’s a family they help each other and
biologists speak of altruism that
india is an ants but it can
be bees termites ago
many animal societies that live
in family colonies and one of
individuals sacrifices himself for his
congeners by altruism are no
moral connotation that’s how they
call they call these
behaviors and then that can be too
within a species but between
unrelated individuals there are more than
families but we associate ourselves then we
speak more cooperation for here this
are pigeons that escape more
easily to predators by partnering
cooperating but it can be wolves
who hunt in packs and his thousands
examples and then there are
species associations here actually
pollination and ben that’s a one
kind of mutual benefit association
between the plant that provides milk
sweet liquid in exchange for the
dispersion of the displacement of its gametes
pollen transport against food
and there too, there are thousands
examples and in tanzania in kenya there are
also associations for example in
big migrations
there are thousands of one of the millions
of the same individuals who are concerned
we who joins zebras and
gazelles and zebras in fact that’s
a little gps what wildebeest they are
strong on smell and zebras he sees
further and the gazelles they
hear better together it’s better
it’s more effective and in the in the
forest eh ben it’s also crazy because
it’s been a few years since
scientists discover things
unbelievable
for example we start to know
now pretty well and the idea
popularized that tree roots get
prolonged by mushrooms
mycorrhizae that allow the tree
to go deeper further capture
the water take the nutrients and in
exchange
the tree that photo synthesizes offers
mushroom sugars we have a symbiosis
very very effective which is very widespread
but the mushroom is clever because
that in fact in the forest he made a
large network that interconnects all
the roots of plants and trees
so that the trees between them can
to associate, that is to say are transmitted
nutrients via mic mycorrhizae
and the healthier trees that
capture more sugar they will be able to
offer finally give give sucks
transfer sugars to individuals the
young people who are growing where
the sick or those who have trouble or
those who are more in the shade and who in
need and what’s crazy is that
it happens also between species
different
a job can transfer sugars a
fir tree and vice versa
in fact what we realize and that’s
the trees it’s invented
for millions of years
family allowances and the
social security millions of years
before us I resume the expression of the
biologist gauthier chapel with whom
I wrote this book on self help and
in humans then but in humans
there is a diversity of ways of
to help each other to associate who implies
it’s very complex that involves
feelings as diverse as friendship
love trust the feeling
equity
and the sense of security the
reputation and its traits we will not
go into details now
just do you mean on the human the
choir of mutual aid in humans
and it’s very powerful it’s empathy
it is this ability that we have very
deeply ingrained in us to put ourselves
in the place of the other to feel this
what does the other feel in us what
feel the other he is in us and that
it’s something that happens very early
we are we are wired for that there are
wonderful experiences on babies soon
9 months to 7 months developing
behaviors already they already show
social behaviors even before
to have acquired language or reason
etc.
and then at our cousins primates
also very similar behaviors
with a lot of empathy and it’s in
empathize
it’s a game of infinite mirrors that
allows to enter a circle in
a reciprocal relationship
that ‘s the heart of helping one another
the human being and the human being
he has this exceptional ability to
extend reciprocity beyond
small groups
because reciprocity it existed
many species but in humans we
can extend it through contracts of
social norms of institutions to
extremely wide groups extremely
large of several thousand million
people
so that we have become a
ultra social species and it’s unique
in the world in the living world one
can cooperate between millions of individuals
even between people who know each other
not between anonymous people and that’s
so in the jungle what is these
click is good with gauthier which
marked us did that change our
way of seeing the world knows that
the mutual help actually the ways of
to associate the ways that beings have
alive to associate are the self-help
everywhere everywhere and all the time and
since the dawn of time
in fact it’s one of the big matrix of
the jungle is what we called
the other law of the jungle
but just realize it
just believe it just the
see and understand it and there is
something else that struck us
is that there are actually many ways
to associate living things have
developed full of colors full of
two different ways
here are two it’s a kind of mosaic
of all colors this is what we have
called diversity symbiosis the
biodiversity of ways of being
together and to associate and it abounds
in the jungle and there is one last one
last thing that seems fundamental
and that is also a big click that’s
it’s not necessarily the most
forts that survive in the jungle
it can but it’s not necessarily the
stronger are those who cooperate the
more and there is better
in the 90s researchers in
the rocky mountains in the mountains to
united states led by a team of
symposia led by hagan callaway but
they made quite some discoveries
amazing
in fact at the bottom of the valley they have
showed that they had a coexistence
between pine and fir trees and when
removed the pines the firs be carried
place that means there was
competition between agree until then
no wonder but they went in
top of the mountain where the conditions
are more difficult at the bottom of the valley
it’s hot there are a lot of
nutrients and that’s at the top of the
Mountain
it’s cold there are more conditions
difficult increasingly hostile – to
nutrients and there is always the
coexistence between pines and fir trees except
that when you take a loaf of bread
grows less well, that is to say that for
the same species same association
when the climate when the middle becomes
more hostile the mutual help emerge
it’s crazy there is a formidable
experience that was done in 2016 by
researchers and in the Netherlands
they took two strains of yeast and
every strain was transformed
could not produce a certain type
of amino acids so two types of acids
different amines and the researchers have
put these two strains in a bath with
the two amino acids a very bath
rich in amino acid nutrients
what they observed is that both
strains began to enter
competition
and finally there is one that you have and
the other is actually putting the two
strains and by depleting the environment in
amino acids the researchers are rendered
account that the competition will decrease from
stop and then impoverish
still the middle the two strains get
are set to associate themselves with cooperating in
help each other
why because one started
produce the amino acids of each other and
then further impoverishing the medium
very very poor mining amino acid
and well both strains are found
in an obligatory association so
of symbiosis oullins could not anymore
live without the other
it’s crazy and that’s what happens at
penguins for example but also
thousands of examples when the conditions
are difficult
there may be winds to less than
100 degrees felt if the penguins
were competing each for himself
they would all be dead already in the being
human
there is something similar
specialists of sociologists psychologists
who studied two disasters the
tsunamis the terrorist attacks here
it’s in the world trade center in 2001
plane crashes fires the
earthquakes and serves all
ten the speeches the testimonies of the
survivors converge
there is never panic or very very
very rarely in conditions
Special
there is more one goes to the epicenter of the
catastrophe of the phenomenon the more there is
calm self-organization of self-help
altruism sadistic behaviors
extreme and in fact even unconditional
extraordinary there are researchers who
have made savings games that they have
placed participants around here
a table with each a little money
he had to participate in a common good
they could not participate and the
researchers have noticed that those who
were participating the fastest who was playing the
the faster it is the most cooperative
so they are ten it’s interesting
good will speed things up so they
asked the participants to play
faster more spontaneously and
overall people were more
cooperative more pro social and after they
asked people
to take their time thinking and
people were more selfish and actually
the human being he has this ability
this feature earlier he was born
tennis means that at birth
we did not finish our maturation go
continue to grow to grow over our
ripening outside the belly of our
mother
that is to say that at birth we are
extremely vulnerable but extremely
unable to cope and needs
mom dad needs so tents on
needs grandparents of the big
mother we need the clan we need to
the society of culture
we need two of the others and that’s
this hyper ultra vulnerability but who
made us ultra social beings
so ultra powerful and that’s the paradox
of the human then this is the big
click the last click I wanted
you present
it’s like a hostile environment
to emerge help is one of the lessons
from the jungle
it’s crazy no
and you still do not believe it is
normal it’s normal because it’s
amazing and that’s normal too because
that the human being
he has this ability also to be in his
head it’s been around 70 thousand years ago that
has gone through some sort of revolution
cognitive and we tell stories
and we are in our myths in our
stories in our storytelling and there we
believes deeply because it gives
meaning to the world to our existence and we
happens to do wonders with that this
which is unique in the living world and
we also manage to organize for
massacring his neighbor on a large scale
we manage to do it thanks to all and
all these stories we tell
we can believe some crazy things
as for example of acquired to him there
has only one lane in the jungle and there
believe deeply
and so our society has become
extremely competent in competition
for a few decades we have
Business School Economics College
nobel prizes of the equations and that’s
very well but now it’s big
time to become competent and
become competent in cooperation in
altruism in solidarity in fraternity and
it’s to revisit duty is to put the
projectors on the other part of the
board
it’s really important why that’s
question why are not without knowing
that global disasters are in
train to take place
and I’m not talking about climate and the
problem with our society is that we
lives in a society of plenty and that
a society of plenty is not that the
problem is that it allows the emergence
of a culture of selfishness a culture
of the competition
in fact competition and selfishness
it is a luxury of rich and suddenly with
the times the coming storms being
difficult who come it may be that
shortages or disasters are
problems in itself but the main
problem because we know how to manage
shortages since hundreds of
thousands of years and the human being there
know how to handle that the problem it’s
to arrive abruptly in shortages
with a culture of egoism that’s it
which creates short-term behaviors
selfish and toxic and dangerous and
violent this is what shows the
living
what the living shows us is that at
long term these are the most
cooperatives that survive
it’s up to us to recreate ourselves
stories of myth stories and there
believe and go
for as a species crossed the
century
happened to cross the century maybe
beyond in any case at least until
2084 thank you for your attention
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
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