good evening everyone thank you so much
for coming to hear me speak to share my
personal journey to understand how
complexity arises in our universe so a
little bit of my background was given by
the moderator so thank you very much for
that but I would like to point out that
if you take a look at the three images
here apparently I started out as very
unique but not very valuable ended up as
very valuable but not very unique so
that’s kind of sad I’ve got to change
the slide moving forward and I’ve
learned so much from TEDx so far but
that being said is I did start out in
the main asteroid belt ironically my PhD
work is in the development of ion
engines and the whole purpose for the
dawn mission which is currently out at a
proto planet right now called bursts of
what Vesta then what the series is to
understand how our solar system evolved
by looking at objects in the solar
system which are very ancient and seeing
how they differentiate to form planets
one five years in from that I went to
the surface of Mars with the Curiosity
rover to understand how the planet
evolved could the planet once have been
habitable what happened why is it not
habitable today or could there even be
life forms somewhere in the subsurface
of the planet moving forward another
five years I decided to do something
very different which was to explore
atomic physics quantum mechanics because
truly our world is comprised of very
complicated things such as subatomic
particles atoms molecules cells tissues
and organize um’s and we understand
things by understanding the fundamental
physics behind them I’ll talk a little
bit more about the cold atom laboratory
mission going forward to see you how
that can actually show you the insights
into our planet but then I decided that
I wanted to come back down to earth down
to from low Earth orbit down to the
surface of the planet I wanted to take
my engineering skills to do something
which would help some of the problems
here at home such as climate change such
as difficulty accessing transportation
systems which are both efficient as well
as convenient as well as cost-effective
for society and that’s why I came back
to develop the Hyperloop and those were
my quest for answers but we should take
one step back which is understanding the
nature of the universe the universe as
we know it is 14 billion years old it
started out as a ball of energy
incredibly warm and started to expand
and as
expanded it formed complexity a blinking
of an eye after the formation of our
universe we started to see the first
subatomic particles a blink later we
started to see the first atoms a couple
hundred million years later we started
to see the first stars a billion years
later the first galaxies and today we
have clusters of galaxies and today we
have some of the most complex systems
that we’ve ever seen which is the
organisms that inhabit this planet which
includes us we are by definition complex
beings and so by understanding the
nature of matter down to the subatomic
scale all the way up to the galactic
cluster scale you can understand how
complexity arises in the universe but
will you do that as you take a look at
the phenomenology of matter everyone’s
familiar with particle accelerators
everyone’s familiar with CERN which is
where you speed up particles to
understand basically what happens when
you approach the speed of light whether
it’s the Higgs boson or the god particle
there’s another way to understand the
complexity of matter and that is to slow
things down so back in the 1800s Lord
Kelvin invented the Kelvin scale which
took a look at the amount of energy
substances had which is a function of
their temperature which is a function of
their speed when you slow things down
and get to colder temperatures to lower
speeds and so at Absolute Zero the
minimum energy state you were
essentially motionless move forward
another 100 years
Einstein and both developed a theory
called bose-einstein condensation which
explained that when you had a gas took
it to very cold temperatures just above
absolute zero it would form another
state of matter called a bose-einstein
condensate but back in the early 1900’s
they had no way to create the state of
matter it was only moving forward many
decades later with the advent of new
technologies that we can actually
demonstrate this new state of matter
this is important because when you get
to really cold temperatures you actually
tend from chaos to order and when you
tend to order you create properties that
you can develop new technologies which
can actually be more efficient and I’ll
talk about this a little bit what we’re
talking about super fluidity and super
conductivity and so what does this mean
how can we achieve the state of matter
this ordered state of matter at just
above absolute zero well everyone’s
familiar that light has both a particle
in a way of nature and
all atoms have within them an atomic
fingerprint this atomic fingerprint
basically says if you can send a series
of photons at a very specific wavelength
or frequency you can actually make those
atoms absorb that light or emit that
light if you do it for atoms that are
coming towards you and they absorb this
energy you can actually slow them down
if you slow them down to almost stopping
you achieve a state just above absolute
zero and you can achieve a bose-einstein
condensate
so when laser technology was developed
in the 1950s scientists then took that
laser technology and decided well what
if we try and slow down atoms using this
laser cooling technique to create a
bose-einstein condensate and it was done
laser cooling won the Nobel Prize the
development of a bose-einstein
condensate won the Nobel Prize and
that’s where we are today but the
interesting thing is is that if you want
to get even colder you need to combat
the pull of gravity so when you use this
late at a cooling technique this ball of
clouds that you’re firing these lasers
that do tends to drop out of the field
but it’s in and it can no longer expand
it can’t get any colder so the holy
grail of creating a bose-einstein
condensate is to do it in space to do it
on orbit where you have a microgravity
environment so back in 2012 myself an
atomic physicist colleague at the NASA’s
Jet Propulsion Laboratory proposed a
mission called the cold atom laboratory
which was to create a bose-einstein
condensate on the International Space
Station to make the International Space
Station the coldest spot in the universe
it took us five years of designing this
facility from an initial one-page
proposal to a conceptual design to a
detailed design to the fabrication of to
the hardware and eventually launching
our facility to the International Space
Station of May of this past year it was
a labor of love but we were successful
and we now have that facility on orbit
in the International Space Station so
what does that look like so what it
looks like is a facility which normally
would occupy the size of this room to be
able to create bose-einstein condensate
we were able to engineer a system which
could fit inside of a small box and that
box one on the International Space
Station it launched at the end of May of
2018 astronauts installed it into an
express rack which is what holds all the
payloads inside of international space
stationed in June of 2018 and then we
started to make bose-einstein
condensates on orbit this summer of 2018
this is the first time laser cooling has
ever been demonstrated in the space this
is the first time a bose-einstein
condensate has been made in low-earth
orbit what that means is they’re now
going to achieve even colder
temperatures we’re going to be able to
explore the nature of the atom in a way
that we’ve never seen before and will
give us insight into a new quantum world
and so my feed board for the
conversation was a quest for answers to
understand fundamental physics but
ultimately how do we convert that into
useful technology applications so that
the taxpayers can use it right in a way
they can use it in their regular lives
and so some examples of that are
creating a bose-einstein condensate
would allow you to create something
called an atom laser we’re all very
familiar with photon based lasers right
we use them with our laser pointers to
play with our cats but we also use them
for important things like a
manufacturing of medical devices atom
based lasers will be a completely
different type of laser with a myriad of
applications which we can’t even come up
with necessarily right now another
unique application for this is that a
bose-einstein condensate is inherently
ordered which means that it is a
superfluid and it is a superconductor if
we can harness that understanding to
create superconductors we can transfer
electricity over large distances with
few losses which means we can solve the
challenge associated with energy
production make it efficient make it
greener and reduce the carbon footprint
and then quantum computing everyone’s
heard about it want to computing enables
faster processing capabilities at lower
energy consumption lower energy
dissipation so we can solve many of the
world’s technology challenges by having
and harnessing our understanding of
quantum physics so I am an engineer by
training but I haven’t explored by heart
and you love to travel and my very
famous most enjoyable quote that I’ve
ever heard is from Theodore von Karman
who is the father of modern rocketry
peter von Karman said the science is the
study of what is but engineering is the
study of what will be and what that
means that the engineer can take the
tools of math and science to create new
technologies to solve the world’s
problems so for example Einstein
developed the theory of relativity
what is gravity the engineer has to come
up with a way to combat gravity Einstein
also developed the concept of space-time
right it takes a really long time to
travel the vastness of the universe so
what can we do as engineers to
facilitate that faster mode of travel
and that leads in to the next segue of
my talk which is that transportation
technology has actually enabled
revolutions in our society from the
beginning of time 3000 BC the wheel was
invented without the wheel people really
couldn’t push around Goods food there
people from place a to point plate be
very very difficult to do when the wheel
was invented all of a sudden you had the
first mode of transportation you enabled
people to be more efficient in their
day-to-day lives you enabled the
populations to grow as a result move
forward a couple of thousand years the
advent of rail technology railways it
enabled the Industrial Revolution the
Industrial Revolution is in what itself
it is as an industrial revolution move
forward another hundred years personal
cars we have enabled mobility between
cities like never has been done before
move forward again another 50 years or
so
the start of air travel across
continents over land masses we have
created a global economy and a global
society because of air travel so
transportation technology revolutions
have shown us over the course of the PAP
five thousand years how we can
fundamentally change society by
developing these technologies and so I
do believe that the next mode of
transportation revolution is the
Hyperloop which is essentially space
travel on the ground so in the opening
I’m a massive science-fiction fan Star
Trek and Doctor Who are my number two
things and so I do like to say that
science fiction basically enables a
whole new way of thinking of the world
so our author might come up with a new
way of doing something an engineer can
make that a reality and what that means
is that as individuals we can actually
build the future that we imagine and so
if we imagine a better future a fairer
future a greener future we can make that
happen with our understanding of
fundamental physics and with the tools
of the engineer to create these brand
new technologies to make the world a
better place
and so what that couples do is the
Hyperloop so what is the Hyperloop you
probably
heard about it the news media recently
the Hyperloop is a new mode of
transportation it basically consists of
a passenger vehicle which you can see in
the slide behind me which is
magnetically levitating an
electromagnetically propelled cold that
is done inside of a vacuum tube a vacuum
tube means that you’ve moved air from
the system when you remove air from the
system you essentially eliminate
aerodynamic drag once you’ve eliminated
air damaged drag you’re more like a
spacecraft which means you can get to
incredibly fast speeds with very low
energy consumption also because the
passenger vehicle is levitating you
don’t have frictional resistance from
the ground so this new mode of
transportation allows you to go faster
than airplanes at a fraction of the
energy cost because you’re doing it in a
vacuum so this is smart right this is
using the concepts of spacecraft
technology this is losing our
understanding of fundamental physics
which relates to electro magnetics and
it relates to coming up with a new mode
of transportation which is much greener
now the primary mode of propulsion and
the Hyperloop system is a linear
electric motor which means that this
system is entirely electric it can
operate off of grid based power and that
grid based power can come from
renewables so you can have a mass
transportation solution which is carbon
neutral and potentially produces power
so green transportation is the future
and in the test sector I believe that
our job is to make things more
convenient for people to give people new
tools that they haven’t had before but I
also think we do have sort of an ethical
responsibility to solve the climate
change problem so a Hyperloop system
because it’s operating off of grid based
power which can come from renewables it
can even carry its own solar panels on
the exterior of the tube so in addition
to providing power for itself it can
actually put power into the grid and so
this is what we have to think about when
we think of green transportation
solutions which is to be carbon neutral
no greenhouse gas emissions to do what
we can to solve the climate change
problem and so build it and they will
come my company that I work for we
actually have built an operational
Hyperloop in the desert just north east
of Las Vegas Nevada and so what you can
see in this graphic behind me is a half
kilometre suction a vacuum tube within
that is a passenger vehicle doesn’t
carry people right now it’s
technology demonstration we’ve
demonstrated metal levitation we’ve
demonstrated the linear electric motor
we’ve demonstrated speeds in excess of
400 kilometers per hour the design speed
for our system is actually closer to
1,000 kilometers per hour in order to
achieve that we have to build out our
trash track a little bit longer to get
to that point so if we can accelerate it
but the way that you can demonstrate
these new modes of transportation is
that you do it with testing you do it
with prototyping you do it with brand
new techniques which have never been
done before and you try and utilize the
venture capital community around the
world to fund these new transportation
developments and so this is where we are
right now technology demonstration is
done and we’re now shifting over to
production design
– hopefully implement Hyperloop systems
across the world so what can a Hyperloop
do it can connect the planet we can
actually have Hyperloop systems across
land masses which gives you more
efficient time efficient mode of
transportation door to door as compared
to commercial airline travel right you
don’t have to drive to the airport and
check-in you just get on the Hyperloop
and go and it runs with a frequency more
similar to metro systems so that means
for you as the end user the customer you
essentially have no wait time it’s like
taking a train or rather a metro from
city to city so you can turn basically
cities into subway stops or into metro
stops it’s a completely different way of
thinking about how you connect the world
with this new technology but to bring it
back from where I started my journey has
always been to understand my place in
the universe in this graph of what you
see here is our home planet earth in the
middle which obviously has a nice set of
water
75% covered by oceans a thick atmosphere
but at the beginning of our solar system
Venus one planet in from us which
currently has a surface temperature of
almost 500 degrees centigrade and Mars
one planet out from us which has a very
chilly temperature of you know minus 150
degrees centigrade they are not
habitable any longer even though at the
beginning of the formation of the
universe they were what this means is
that we can point to our neighboring
planets to see that climate change is a
planetary phenomena it is all of our
jobs to do what we can in our respective
disciplines to generate technologies
which can combat climate change to
reduce co2 emissions to keep our planet
safe for generations to come
so I’ll close with one way
favorite quotes from Socrates is the
only thing that we know is that we don’t
know anything and that is what drives us
to pursue discovery that’s what drives
us to develop new technologies to make
the world a better place and build the
future that we can imagine thank you [Applause]
for coming to hear me speak to share my
personal journey to understand how
complexity arises in our universe so a
little bit of my background was given by
the moderator so thank you very much for
that but I would like to point out that
if you take a look at the three images
here apparently I started out as very
unique but not very valuable ended up as
very valuable but not very unique so
that’s kind of sad I’ve got to change
the slide moving forward and I’ve
learned so much from TEDx so far but
that being said is I did start out in
the main asteroid belt ironically my PhD
work is in the development of ion
engines and the whole purpose for the
dawn mission which is currently out at a
proto planet right now called bursts of
what Vesta then what the series is to
understand how our solar system evolved
by looking at objects in the solar
system which are very ancient and seeing
how they differentiate to form planets
one five years in from that I went to
the surface of Mars with the Curiosity
rover to understand how the planet
evolved could the planet once have been
habitable what happened why is it not
habitable today or could there even be
life forms somewhere in the subsurface
of the planet moving forward another
five years I decided to do something
very different which was to explore
atomic physics quantum mechanics because
truly our world is comprised of very
complicated things such as subatomic
particles atoms molecules cells tissues
and organize um’s and we understand
things by understanding the fundamental
physics behind them I’ll talk a little
bit more about the cold atom laboratory
mission going forward to see you how
that can actually show you the insights
into our planet but then I decided that
I wanted to come back down to earth down
to from low Earth orbit down to the
surface of the planet I wanted to take
my engineering skills to do something
which would help some of the problems
here at home such as climate change such
as difficulty accessing transportation
systems which are both efficient as well
as convenient as well as cost-effective
for society and that’s why I came back
to develop the Hyperloop and those were
my quest for answers but we should take
one step back which is understanding the
nature of the universe the universe as
we know it is 14 billion years old it
started out as a ball of energy
incredibly warm and started to expand
and as
expanded it formed complexity a blinking
of an eye after the formation of our
universe we started to see the first
subatomic particles a blink later we
started to see the first atoms a couple
hundred million years later we started
to see the first stars a billion years
later the first galaxies and today we
have clusters of galaxies and today we
have some of the most complex systems
that we’ve ever seen which is the
organisms that inhabit this planet which
includes us we are by definition complex
beings and so by understanding the
nature of matter down to the subatomic
scale all the way up to the galactic
cluster scale you can understand how
complexity arises in the universe but
will you do that as you take a look at
the phenomenology of matter everyone’s
familiar with particle accelerators
everyone’s familiar with CERN which is
where you speed up particles to
understand basically what happens when
you approach the speed of light whether
it’s the Higgs boson or the god particle
there’s another way to understand the
complexity of matter and that is to slow
things down so back in the 1800s Lord
Kelvin invented the Kelvin scale which
took a look at the amount of energy
substances had which is a function of
their temperature which is a function of
their speed when you slow things down
and get to colder temperatures to lower
speeds and so at Absolute Zero the
minimum energy state you were
essentially motionless move forward
another 100 years
Einstein and both developed a theory
called bose-einstein condensation which
explained that when you had a gas took
it to very cold temperatures just above
absolute zero it would form another
state of matter called a bose-einstein
condensate but back in the early 1900’s
they had no way to create the state of
matter it was only moving forward many
decades later with the advent of new
technologies that we can actually
demonstrate this new state of matter
this is important because when you get
to really cold temperatures you actually
tend from chaos to order and when you
tend to order you create properties that
you can develop new technologies which
can actually be more efficient and I’ll
talk about this a little bit what we’re
talking about super fluidity and super
conductivity and so what does this mean
how can we achieve the state of matter
this ordered state of matter at just
above absolute zero well everyone’s
familiar that light has both a particle
in a way of nature and
all atoms have within them an atomic
fingerprint this atomic fingerprint
basically says if you can send a series
of photons at a very specific wavelength
or frequency you can actually make those
atoms absorb that light or emit that
light if you do it for atoms that are
coming towards you and they absorb this
energy you can actually slow them down
if you slow them down to almost stopping
you achieve a state just above absolute
zero and you can achieve a bose-einstein
condensate
so when laser technology was developed
in the 1950s scientists then took that
laser technology and decided well what
if we try and slow down atoms using this
laser cooling technique to create a
bose-einstein condensate and it was done
laser cooling won the Nobel Prize the
development of a bose-einstein
condensate won the Nobel Prize and
that’s where we are today but the
interesting thing is is that if you want
to get even colder you need to combat
the pull of gravity so when you use this
late at a cooling technique this ball of
clouds that you’re firing these lasers
that do tends to drop out of the field
but it’s in and it can no longer expand
it can’t get any colder so the holy
grail of creating a bose-einstein
condensate is to do it in space to do it
on orbit where you have a microgravity
environment so back in 2012 myself an
atomic physicist colleague at the NASA’s
Jet Propulsion Laboratory proposed a
mission called the cold atom laboratory
which was to create a bose-einstein
condensate on the International Space
Station to make the International Space
Station the coldest spot in the universe
it took us five years of designing this
facility from an initial one-page
proposal to a conceptual design to a
detailed design to the fabrication of to
the hardware and eventually launching
our facility to the International Space
Station of May of this past year it was
a labor of love but we were successful
and we now have that facility on orbit
in the International Space Station so
what does that look like so what it
looks like is a facility which normally
would occupy the size of this room to be
able to create bose-einstein condensate
we were able to engineer a system which
could fit inside of a small box and that
box one on the International Space
Station it launched at the end of May of
2018 astronauts installed it into an
express rack which is what holds all the
payloads inside of international space
stationed in June of 2018 and then we
started to make bose-einstein
condensates on orbit this summer of 2018
this is the first time laser cooling has
ever been demonstrated in the space this
is the first time a bose-einstein
condensate has been made in low-earth
orbit what that means is they’re now
going to achieve even colder
temperatures we’re going to be able to
explore the nature of the atom in a way
that we’ve never seen before and will
give us insight into a new quantum world
and so my feed board for the
conversation was a quest for answers to
understand fundamental physics but
ultimately how do we convert that into
useful technology applications so that
the taxpayers can use it right in a way
they can use it in their regular lives
and so some examples of that are
creating a bose-einstein condensate
would allow you to create something
called an atom laser we’re all very
familiar with photon based lasers right
we use them with our laser pointers to
play with our cats but we also use them
for important things like a
manufacturing of medical devices atom
based lasers will be a completely
different type of laser with a myriad of
applications which we can’t even come up
with necessarily right now another
unique application for this is that a
bose-einstein condensate is inherently
ordered which means that it is a
superfluid and it is a superconductor if
we can harness that understanding to
create superconductors we can transfer
electricity over large distances with
few losses which means we can solve the
challenge associated with energy
production make it efficient make it
greener and reduce the carbon footprint
and then quantum computing everyone’s
heard about it want to computing enables
faster processing capabilities at lower
energy consumption lower energy
dissipation so we can solve many of the
world’s technology challenges by having
and harnessing our understanding of
quantum physics so I am an engineer by
training but I haven’t explored by heart
and you love to travel and my very
famous most enjoyable quote that I’ve
ever heard is from Theodore von Karman
who is the father of modern rocketry
peter von Karman said the science is the
study of what is but engineering is the
study of what will be and what that
means that the engineer can take the
tools of math and science to create new
technologies to solve the world’s
problems so for example Einstein
developed the theory of relativity
what is gravity the engineer has to come
up with a way to combat gravity Einstein
also developed the concept of space-time
right it takes a really long time to
travel the vastness of the universe so
what can we do as engineers to
facilitate that faster mode of travel
and that leads in to the next segue of
my talk which is that transportation
technology has actually enabled
revolutions in our society from the
beginning of time 3000 BC the wheel was
invented without the wheel people really
couldn’t push around Goods food there
people from place a to point plate be
very very difficult to do when the wheel
was invented all of a sudden you had the
first mode of transportation you enabled
people to be more efficient in their
day-to-day lives you enabled the
populations to grow as a result move
forward a couple of thousand years the
advent of rail technology railways it
enabled the Industrial Revolution the
Industrial Revolution is in what itself
it is as an industrial revolution move
forward another hundred years personal
cars we have enabled mobility between
cities like never has been done before
move forward again another 50 years or
so
the start of air travel across
continents over land masses we have
created a global economy and a global
society because of air travel so
transportation technology revolutions
have shown us over the course of the PAP
five thousand years how we can
fundamentally change society by
developing these technologies and so I
do believe that the next mode of
transportation revolution is the
Hyperloop which is essentially space
travel on the ground so in the opening
I’m a massive science-fiction fan Star
Trek and Doctor Who are my number two
things and so I do like to say that
science fiction basically enables a
whole new way of thinking of the world
so our author might come up with a new
way of doing something an engineer can
make that a reality and what that means
is that as individuals we can actually
build the future that we imagine and so
if we imagine a better future a fairer
future a greener future we can make that
happen with our understanding of
fundamental physics and with the tools
of the engineer to create these brand
new technologies to make the world a
better place
and so what that couples do is the
Hyperloop so what is the Hyperloop you
probably
heard about it the news media recently
the Hyperloop is a new mode of
transportation it basically consists of
a passenger vehicle which you can see in
the slide behind me which is
magnetically levitating an
electromagnetically propelled cold that
is done inside of a vacuum tube a vacuum
tube means that you’ve moved air from
the system when you remove air from the
system you essentially eliminate
aerodynamic drag once you’ve eliminated
air damaged drag you’re more like a
spacecraft which means you can get to
incredibly fast speeds with very low
energy consumption also because the
passenger vehicle is levitating you
don’t have frictional resistance from
the ground so this new mode of
transportation allows you to go faster
than airplanes at a fraction of the
energy cost because you’re doing it in a
vacuum so this is smart right this is
using the concepts of spacecraft
technology this is losing our
understanding of fundamental physics
which relates to electro magnetics and
it relates to coming up with a new mode
of transportation which is much greener
now the primary mode of propulsion and
the Hyperloop system is a linear
electric motor which means that this
system is entirely electric it can
operate off of grid based power and that
grid based power can come from
renewables so you can have a mass
transportation solution which is carbon
neutral and potentially produces power
so green transportation is the future
and in the test sector I believe that
our job is to make things more
convenient for people to give people new
tools that they haven’t had before but I
also think we do have sort of an ethical
responsibility to solve the climate
change problem so a Hyperloop system
because it’s operating off of grid based
power which can come from renewables it
can even carry its own solar panels on
the exterior of the tube so in addition
to providing power for itself it can
actually put power into the grid and so
this is what we have to think about when
we think of green transportation
solutions which is to be carbon neutral
no greenhouse gas emissions to do what
we can to solve the climate change
problem and so build it and they will
come my company that I work for we
actually have built an operational
Hyperloop in the desert just north east
of Las Vegas Nevada and so what you can
see in this graphic behind me is a half
kilometre suction a vacuum tube within
that is a passenger vehicle doesn’t
carry people right now it’s
technology demonstration we’ve
demonstrated metal levitation we’ve
demonstrated the linear electric motor
we’ve demonstrated speeds in excess of
400 kilometers per hour the design speed
for our system is actually closer to
1,000 kilometers per hour in order to
achieve that we have to build out our
trash track a little bit longer to get
to that point so if we can accelerate it
but the way that you can demonstrate
these new modes of transportation is
that you do it with testing you do it
with prototyping you do it with brand
new techniques which have never been
done before and you try and utilize the
venture capital community around the
world to fund these new transportation
developments and so this is where we are
right now technology demonstration is
done and we’re now shifting over to
production design
– hopefully implement Hyperloop systems
across the world so what can a Hyperloop
do it can connect the planet we can
actually have Hyperloop systems across
land masses which gives you more
efficient time efficient mode of
transportation door to door as compared
to commercial airline travel right you
don’t have to drive to the airport and
check-in you just get on the Hyperloop
and go and it runs with a frequency more
similar to metro systems so that means
for you as the end user the customer you
essentially have no wait time it’s like
taking a train or rather a metro from
city to city so you can turn basically
cities into subway stops or into metro
stops it’s a completely different way of
thinking about how you connect the world
with this new technology but to bring it
back from where I started my journey has
always been to understand my place in
the universe in this graph of what you
see here is our home planet earth in the
middle which obviously has a nice set of
water
75% covered by oceans a thick atmosphere
but at the beginning of our solar system
Venus one planet in from us which
currently has a surface temperature of
almost 500 degrees centigrade and Mars
one planet out from us which has a very
chilly temperature of you know minus 150
degrees centigrade they are not
habitable any longer even though at the
beginning of the formation of the
universe they were what this means is
that we can point to our neighboring
planets to see that climate change is a
planetary phenomena it is all of our
jobs to do what we can in our respective
disciplines to generate technologies
which can combat climate change to
reduce co2 emissions to keep our planet
safe for generations to come
so I’ll close with one way
favorite quotes from Socrates is the
only thing that we know is that we don’t
know anything and that is what drives us
to pursue discovery that’s what drives
us to develop new technologies to make
the world a better place and build the
future that we can imagine thank you [Applause]
Please follow and like us: