( intro music )
( muffled radio noises )
( swooshing sound )
( electronic hum )
( audience applause )
Dr. Kevin Hand: Thank you.
Thank you.
The question of whether or not life exists beyond Earth
is one of humanity’s oldest, and I would argue,
most profound, and yet unanswered, questions.
And the search for life beyond Earth
is, in part, the story of this lonely little planet
reaching out into our solar system,
searching for possible signs of life elsewhere.
We’ve been undertaking this exploration
for just over 50 years now.
And through that exploration we’ve just begun
to understand not only which worlds out there
might be habitable, but we’ve also begun
to better characterize how our own planet
sets bounds on habitability for life as we know it.
What I’d like to focus in on are some of the worlds
that we’ve come to appreciate
just within the past 10 to 20 years,
which on the surface you might not expect
that these are habitable worlds,
but when you get to understand what’s going on inside,
it turns out that these worlds,
worlds like Europa, Ganymede, Callisto,
Titan, Enceladus, and even Neptune’s curious moon Triton,
these are the worlds that I like to refer to
as the ocean worlds of our solar system.
Shown here of course at the center is the Earth,
the ocean world that we know and love the most.
But around the Earth I’ve placed these icy worlds
of the outer solar system, moons that are covered with ice,
yet beneath their icy shells,
we have very good reason to believe that
vast potentially global liquid water reservoirs exist.
These ocean worlds of the outer solar system
are really transforming our understanding
of what it means for a world to be habitable.
In the early days of astronomy and planetary science,
we had this sort of
“Goldilocks” scenario for habitability.
The Venus, Earth, Mars system
defined what it meant for a planet to be habitable.
In order for a world to be habitable,
you had to have a nice liquid water ocean
on the surface, in contact with an atmosphere.
In order for that condition to be satisfied,
your world needed to be at just the right distance
from the parent star, in our case, the Sun,
such that you had enough energy from your parent star
to maintain that liquid water ocean on the surface.
If you were Venus, you were too close, and you got too hot.
If you were Mars, you were too far away,
and you were too cold,
but if you were the Earth’s sun distance,
you were right at that “Goldilocks”
sweet spot for habitability.
But these moons of the outer solar system,
they’re giving us a sort of new Goldilocks.
At no place is this better exemplified
than at the Jovian system,
where Io, shown here,
kind of takes the place of Venus.
Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system.
What you’re seeing in the inset,
in the upper part of Io there,
is a volcanic plume, a volcanic eruption occurring on Io.
Io is more volcanically active than the Earth.
There are likely volcanoes erupting on Io right now.
Io is so volcanically active,
not because it’s got energy from the Sun.
It’s so volcanically active
because of the tidal tug and pull
that it experiences as it orbits Jupiter,
which is some 318 times as massive as the Earth.
In the Jovian system we have this new Goldilocks,
where maintaining liquid water is made possible
not by energy from your parent star,
but instead it’s maintained largely by
the tidal tug and pull, the mechanical energy
of these moons getting flexed and stretched
as they orbit Jupiter, and Saturn
and Neptune, Uranus, possibly.
In the Jovian system we’ve got this new Goldilocks,
where Io is kind of like Venus.
In the early days, Io may have had some water,
but now it’s lost any water that it once had.
It’s too tidally active.
All the yellows, the reds, the whites that you see,
that’s all from these volcanic eruptions.
Callisto, at the outer end,
though we think Callisto does have an ocean,
Callisto’s ocean is overlain by a very thick ice shell.
That ice shell is also very old,
as evidenced by all those little pock marks
on Callisto’s surface.
Those are impact craters,
which to a planetary scientist,
indicates old age.
But in the middle we’ve got Europa and Ganymede.
Europa in particular we think may occupy
this new sweet spot of the new Goldilocks zone,
where it’s got just the right amount
of tidal energy dissipation to sustain
this liquid water ocean in contact with a rocky seafloor
so that it can have the elements and energy
needed for life, and it’s overlain by an ice shell
that is maybe a few to as much as 10 or 15 or so
kilometers in thickness.
An ice shell that maybe provides a window
into the subsurface ocean.
These ocean worlds of course,
from an astrobiology standpoint,
from a search-for-life-elsewhere standpoint,
are so compelling because if we’ve learned anything
about life on Earth, it’s that
where you find the liquid water,
you generally find life.
From life in extreme environments,
like hydrothermal vents,
hot springs in the rift valleys, to Antarctica,
from life in extreme environments,
to life of extreme lifestyles.
(audience laughter)
All life on Earth depends on liquid water.
But I like to show this image for another reason,
and that is that part of the motivation,
part of what underlines my passion
for exploring these worlds,
is that for all of the diversity of life on Earth,
from the craziest of microbe in the deep ocean,
to the most bizarre of rock stars on the surface,
all life on Earth is connected
by the same tree of life.
All of life on Earth as we know it
is connected by the DNA, RNA, protein
and even ATP paradigm, for how life works.
I want to know,
is there a different biochemistry out there?
Is there a different way
to get the business of life done?
Is there a place in our solar system
where life has originated independent
from life here on Earth?
Is there a second origin out there?
I think these ocean worlds of the outer solar system
are the prime places to go
and potentially answer this question.
Europa, Enceladus, Titan,
all these moons are so fantastic
in the context of trying to answer
this very primordial question.
So what’s next?
I’ll begin with a little bit of my dream of dreams.
In my dream of dreams, we send a highly capable lander,
to navigate to the surface of Europa.
This would have to be engineered such that
it could negotiate the canyons
and the cliffs of Europa,
find some spot on the surface
where there are no icy rocks or boulders,
put down the lander safely, and then deploy a melt probe.
This melt probe would then have a heat source
that allows it to go through this ice shell,
penetrating through the many kilometers of ice,
eventually reaching down to the ocean below.
After that it deploys the nose cone,
and an autonomous underwater vehicle
now navigates the ocean.
There’s no joysticking this from JPL,
( audience laughter ) so this little guy’s
got to figure out its way
to the bottom of the ocean,
and in at least this Hollywood version,
this is an excerpt from “Aliens of the Deep,”
an IMAX film I was involved with,
in this Hollywood version, in the dream of dreams,
we make contact with these charismatic macrofauna,
( audience laughter ) that …
( laughs ) That’s not real, sadly.
As I mentioned, this is my dream of dreams.
Scaling back from that, we are at the shores
of getting ready to hopefully set sail
with new missions to worlds like Europa,
sending missions that will fly by,
look at the surface, take pictures,
make chemical analyses, and possibly even
use special radar to see the interface
between the ice shell and the ocean.
Then we’ll send landers and melt probes
and submersibles in the years to come after that.
Part of what I get to do at the Jet Propulsion Lab
and with NASA is kind of build the earliest precursors,
the earliest robots that we might someday
send to a world like Europa.
I’d like to share with you now
a piece that was put together by Mark Thiessen
and others here at National Geographic,
that shows you a tiny step forward
in the technological developments
that will someday lead toward
exploring Europa’s ocean, but today we’re utilizing
to explore extreme environments here on Earth.
( soft xylophone music )
Kevin Hand: The rover that our team has built
is an early, early, early precursor
of something that we may someday fly to Europa.
The Buoyant Rover for Under-Ice Exploration
is designed to float on the underside of the ice,
and rove as if the underside of the ice is the ground.
These ecosystems up in Alaska,
these lakes that freeze over every year,
and freeze down, they’re just one example
of life in an extreme environment,
that can help guide us in assessing
whether or not a world like Europa could harbor life.
All right.
We cut a hole in the ice,
put the rover underneath the ice,
and then left it out there to rove around.
We went back to a nice, warm Quonset hut,
and our team was even able to hand over
control to engineers down in JPL.
(ambient music)
We think this truly was the first time ever
that an underwater, under-ice, untethered,
vehicle has been operated through satellite link.
Our work has this wonderful marriage
of advancing our understanding
of what’s happening on our own planet,
while simultaneously feeding forward
into our exploration of
potentially habitable worlds beyond Earth.
( rover scrapes across ice )
( audience applause )
Dr. Kevin Hand: Thank you. I’ll finish.
You’ve seen a lot of great images
from our history of solar system exploration,
but I’d like to close with my favorite image
from the history of solar system exploration.
It’s an image carved by the hand of Galileo.
An image carved some 400 years ago.
Shown at center you see Jupiter,
and around Jupiter you see four tiny little dots.
Initially when Galileo turned his telescope to the sky
and observed these four tiny little dots
around Jupiter, he named them the Medician Stars,
the stars of Medici.
He did so because the Medici family
was funding his research.
( audience laughter )
And Galileo was no idiot.
( audience laughter )
But as he charted the motion
of these little points of light night after night,
he noticed that they moved.
He began to realize that they in fact
were not stars, but they’re moons.
And if they were moons going around Jupiter,
then that meant that not everything
rotated around the Earth.
Through his careful charting of Jupiter and its moons,
Galileo helped put the final nail in the coffin
of Aristotelian cosmology, this idea
that everything goes around the Earth.
He really opened the doorway to the Copernican revolution.
This idea, of course, that we go around our sun,
our sun is a star, and the stars that we see
might be suns to other worlds.
In the decades that would follow Galileo,
we would come to appreciate that
the laws of physics apply not just here on Earth,
but also to worlds and wonders elsewhere.
In the decades after that and the centuries after that,
with the development of new telescopes and new tools,
things like spectroscopy, we would come to appreciate
that the principles of chemistry apply
not just here on Earth but also
to these worlds and wonders elsewhere.
Then, with the advent of the space age,
and our exploration of worlds like Mercury
and Venus and Mars, we would come to appreciate
that the principles of geology also work
not just here but on these worlds
and wonders beyond the Earth.
But when it comes to the fundamental science
of biology we have yet to make that leap.
We have yet to understand whether or not
this bizarre phenomenon that we call life
works beyond Earth.
We have every reason to believe that it should.
Our study of life here on Earth
and our exploration of these worlds elsewhere
indicate that we think some of these worlds
should be habitable, based on what we’ve learned
about life here, but we have not yet
done that experiment.
Part of what excites me about the time in which we live
is that for the first time in the history of humanity,
for the first time since we’ve looked up at the night sky
and asked that primordial question
of “Is there life out there?”
we have the tools and technology,
the scientific and technological capability,
to do the experiment, to see whether or not
biology works beyond our Earth,
to see whether or not this phenomenon
we know and love called life
works on worlds and wonders elsewhere.
So I hope that in much the same way
that we can look at this image
and appreciate the revolution
that was catalyzed by the observations
and the research that Galileo and everyone did
some 400 years ago, I hope that our descendants,
some 400 years from now,
will look back at our time,
and they will be able to say, “It was then,
it was during that time,
that humanity did the exploration,
developed the tools and technology,
and made the discoveries
that brought our universe to life.”
Thank you.
( audience applause )
( outro music )
(orchestral music)
( muffled radio noises )
( swooshing sound )
( electronic hum )
( audience applause )
Dr. Kevin Hand: Thank you.
Thank you.
The question of whether or not life exists beyond Earth
is one of humanity’s oldest, and I would argue,
most profound, and yet unanswered, questions.
And the search for life beyond Earth
is, in part, the story of this lonely little planet
reaching out into our solar system,
searching for possible signs of life elsewhere.
We’ve been undertaking this exploration
for just over 50 years now.
And through that exploration we’ve just begun
to understand not only which worlds out there
might be habitable, but we’ve also begun
to better characterize how our own planet
sets bounds on habitability for life as we know it.
What I’d like to focus in on are some of the worlds
that we’ve come to appreciate
just within the past 10 to 20 years,
which on the surface you might not expect
that these are habitable worlds,
but when you get to understand what’s going on inside,
it turns out that these worlds,
worlds like Europa, Ganymede, Callisto,
Titan, Enceladus, and even Neptune’s curious moon Triton,
these are the worlds that I like to refer to
as the ocean worlds of our solar system.
Shown here of course at the center is the Earth,
the ocean world that we know and love the most.
But around the Earth I’ve placed these icy worlds
of the outer solar system, moons that are covered with ice,
yet beneath their icy shells,
we have very good reason to believe that
vast potentially global liquid water reservoirs exist.
These ocean worlds of the outer solar system
are really transforming our understanding
of what it means for a world to be habitable.
In the early days of astronomy and planetary science,
we had this sort of
“Goldilocks” scenario for habitability.
The Venus, Earth, Mars system
defined what it meant for a planet to be habitable.
In order for a world to be habitable,
you had to have a nice liquid water ocean
on the surface, in contact with an atmosphere.
In order for that condition to be satisfied,
your world needed to be at just the right distance
from the parent star, in our case, the Sun,
such that you had enough energy from your parent star
to maintain that liquid water ocean on the surface.
If you were Venus, you were too close, and you got too hot.
If you were Mars, you were too far away,
and you were too cold,
but if you were the Earth’s sun distance,
you were right at that “Goldilocks”
sweet spot for habitability.
But these moons of the outer solar system,
they’re giving us a sort of new Goldilocks.
At no place is this better exemplified
than at the Jovian system,
where Io, shown here,
kind of takes the place of Venus.
Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system.
What you’re seeing in the inset,
in the upper part of Io there,
is a volcanic plume, a volcanic eruption occurring on Io.
Io is more volcanically active than the Earth.
There are likely volcanoes erupting on Io right now.
Io is so volcanically active,
not because it’s got energy from the Sun.
It’s so volcanically active
because of the tidal tug and pull
that it experiences as it orbits Jupiter,
which is some 318 times as massive as the Earth.
In the Jovian system we have this new Goldilocks,
where maintaining liquid water is made possible
not by energy from your parent star,
but instead it’s maintained largely by
the tidal tug and pull, the mechanical energy
of these moons getting flexed and stretched
as they orbit Jupiter, and Saturn
and Neptune, Uranus, possibly.
In the Jovian system we’ve got this new Goldilocks,
where Io is kind of like Venus.
In the early days, Io may have had some water,
but now it’s lost any water that it once had.
It’s too tidally active.
All the yellows, the reds, the whites that you see,
that’s all from these volcanic eruptions.
Callisto, at the outer end,
though we think Callisto does have an ocean,
Callisto’s ocean is overlain by a very thick ice shell.
That ice shell is also very old,
as evidenced by all those little pock marks
on Callisto’s surface.
Those are impact craters,
which to a planetary scientist,
indicates old age.
But in the middle we’ve got Europa and Ganymede.
Europa in particular we think may occupy
this new sweet spot of the new Goldilocks zone,
where it’s got just the right amount
of tidal energy dissipation to sustain
this liquid water ocean in contact with a rocky seafloor
so that it can have the elements and energy
needed for life, and it’s overlain by an ice shell
that is maybe a few to as much as 10 or 15 or so
kilometers in thickness.
An ice shell that maybe provides a window
into the subsurface ocean.
These ocean worlds of course,
from an astrobiology standpoint,
from a search-for-life-elsewhere standpoint,
are so compelling because if we’ve learned anything
about life on Earth, it’s that
where you find the liquid water,
you generally find life.
From life in extreme environments,
like hydrothermal vents,
hot springs in the rift valleys, to Antarctica,
from life in extreme environments,
to life of extreme lifestyles.
(audience laughter)
All life on Earth depends on liquid water.
But I like to show this image for another reason,
and that is that part of the motivation,
part of what underlines my passion
for exploring these worlds,
is that for all of the diversity of life on Earth,
from the craziest of microbe in the deep ocean,
to the most bizarre of rock stars on the surface,
all life on Earth is connected
by the same tree of life.
All of life on Earth as we know it
is connected by the DNA, RNA, protein
and even ATP paradigm, for how life works.
I want to know,
is there a different biochemistry out there?
Is there a different way
to get the business of life done?
Is there a place in our solar system
where life has originated independent
from life here on Earth?
Is there a second origin out there?
I think these ocean worlds of the outer solar system
are the prime places to go
and potentially answer this question.
Europa, Enceladus, Titan,
all these moons are so fantastic
in the context of trying to answer
this very primordial question.
So what’s next?
I’ll begin with a little bit of my dream of dreams.
In my dream of dreams, we send a highly capable lander,
to navigate to the surface of Europa.
This would have to be engineered such that
it could negotiate the canyons
and the cliffs of Europa,
find some spot on the surface
where there are no icy rocks or boulders,
put down the lander safely, and then deploy a melt probe.
This melt probe would then have a heat source
that allows it to go through this ice shell,
penetrating through the many kilometers of ice,
eventually reaching down to the ocean below.
After that it deploys the nose cone,
and an autonomous underwater vehicle
now navigates the ocean.
There’s no joysticking this from JPL,
( audience laughter ) so this little guy’s
got to figure out its way
to the bottom of the ocean,
and in at least this Hollywood version,
this is an excerpt from “Aliens of the Deep,”
an IMAX film I was involved with,
in this Hollywood version, in the dream of dreams,
we make contact with these charismatic macrofauna,
( audience laughter ) that …
( laughs ) That’s not real, sadly.
As I mentioned, this is my dream of dreams.
Scaling back from that, we are at the shores
of getting ready to hopefully set sail
with new missions to worlds like Europa,
sending missions that will fly by,
look at the surface, take pictures,
make chemical analyses, and possibly even
use special radar to see the interface
between the ice shell and the ocean.
Then we’ll send landers and melt probes
and submersibles in the years to come after that.
Part of what I get to do at the Jet Propulsion Lab
and with NASA is kind of build the earliest precursors,
the earliest robots that we might someday
send to a world like Europa.
I’d like to share with you now
a piece that was put together by Mark Thiessen
and others here at National Geographic,
that shows you a tiny step forward
in the technological developments
that will someday lead toward
exploring Europa’s ocean, but today we’re utilizing
to explore extreme environments here on Earth.
( soft xylophone music )
Kevin Hand: The rover that our team has built
is an early, early, early precursor
of something that we may someday fly to Europa.
The Buoyant Rover for Under-Ice Exploration
is designed to float on the underside of the ice,
and rove as if the underside of the ice is the ground.
These ecosystems up in Alaska,
these lakes that freeze over every year,
and freeze down, they’re just one example
of life in an extreme environment,
that can help guide us in assessing
whether or not a world like Europa could harbor life.
All right.
We cut a hole in the ice,
put the rover underneath the ice,
and then left it out there to rove around.
We went back to a nice, warm Quonset hut,
and our team was even able to hand over
control to engineers down in JPL.
(ambient music)
We think this truly was the first time ever
that an underwater, under-ice, untethered,
vehicle has been operated through satellite link.
Our work has this wonderful marriage
of advancing our understanding
of what’s happening on our own planet,
while simultaneously feeding forward
into our exploration of
potentially habitable worlds beyond Earth.
( rover scrapes across ice )
( audience applause )
Dr. Kevin Hand: Thank you. I’ll finish.
You’ve seen a lot of great images
from our history of solar system exploration,
but I’d like to close with my favorite image
from the history of solar system exploration.
It’s an image carved by the hand of Galileo.
An image carved some 400 years ago.
Shown at center you see Jupiter,
and around Jupiter you see four tiny little dots.
Initially when Galileo turned his telescope to the sky
and observed these four tiny little dots
around Jupiter, he named them the Medician Stars,
the stars of Medici.
He did so because the Medici family
was funding his research.
( audience laughter )
And Galileo was no idiot.
( audience laughter )
But as he charted the motion
of these little points of light night after night,
he noticed that they moved.
He began to realize that they in fact
were not stars, but they’re moons.
And if they were moons going around Jupiter,
then that meant that not everything
rotated around the Earth.
Through his careful charting of Jupiter and its moons,
Galileo helped put the final nail in the coffin
of Aristotelian cosmology, this idea
that everything goes around the Earth.
He really opened the doorway to the Copernican revolution.
This idea, of course, that we go around our sun,
our sun is a star, and the stars that we see
might be suns to other worlds.
In the decades that would follow Galileo,
we would come to appreciate that
the laws of physics apply not just here on Earth,
but also to worlds and wonders elsewhere.
In the decades after that and the centuries after that,
with the development of new telescopes and new tools,
things like spectroscopy, we would come to appreciate
that the principles of chemistry apply
not just here on Earth but also
to these worlds and wonders elsewhere.
Then, with the advent of the space age,
and our exploration of worlds like Mercury
and Venus and Mars, we would come to appreciate
that the principles of geology also work
not just here but on these worlds
and wonders beyond the Earth.
But when it comes to the fundamental science
of biology we have yet to make that leap.
We have yet to understand whether or not
this bizarre phenomenon that we call life
works beyond Earth.
We have every reason to believe that it should.
Our study of life here on Earth
and our exploration of these worlds elsewhere
indicate that we think some of these worlds
should be habitable, based on what we’ve learned
about life here, but we have not yet
done that experiment.
Part of what excites me about the time in which we live
is that for the first time in the history of humanity,
for the first time since we’ve looked up at the night sky
and asked that primordial question
of “Is there life out there?”
we have the tools and technology,
the scientific and technological capability,
to do the experiment, to see whether or not
biology works beyond our Earth,
to see whether or not this phenomenon
we know and love called life
works on worlds and wonders elsewhere.
So I hope that in much the same way
that we can look at this image
and appreciate the revolution
that was catalyzed by the observations
and the research that Galileo and everyone did
some 400 years ago, I hope that our descendants,
some 400 years from now,
will look back at our time,
and they will be able to say, “It was then,
it was during that time,
that humanity did the exploration,
developed the tools and technology,
and made the discoveries
that brought our universe to life.”
Thank you.
( audience applause )
( outro music )
(orchestral music)
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