we’re a mobile 60% of our world
population
it’s basic sanitation what that means is
that we can actually duplicate in an
approved illegal toilet where we don’t
have to touch our own pieces that’s not
true for many people on our planet one
in three of us on our planet do not have
access to this basic sanitation that’s
33 of us in this room now going home
this afternoon have no toilets taken
away would we stand to that okay what
about the poorest people in our world
Oh nearly 900 million people open
defecation is still a fact of life that
means they go to the toilet they don’t
go to the toilet they have to poop in
the open in storm drains in the bushes
and fields or in open water sources this
is a really stark and sad reality we’re
very lucky what we can do is when we go
home we need water we can turn on our
tap but 2.1 billion people lack safe
water what that means is water that is
free from contamination add to that
another 10% of our world’s population
eating food that has been irrigated by
wastewater will turn me by wastewater
well what we’re talking about here is
any water that has been contaminated or
has its quality decreased by human
activity that includes excrement that
includes urine and feces in the water
when we want to get rid of our expert
what do we do we flush our lows but for
many people that’s obviously not an
option living close to in close
proximity to human feces means that many
people are dying unnecessarily from what
are largely preventable diseases
it’s our under-fives little scourge
it’s all pregnant women who are most at
risk here would we want that for our
families
no that includes a number of different
diseases our parasitic worms that I’m
going to talk a little bit more about
today we wouldn’t want that for our
families but many of these people are
living in developing countries and so
why parasites such a problem well
they’re a problem because that’s why we
see the most limited access to safe
water and adequate sanitation I don’t
mean sanitation that we’re used to
I need adequate sanitation in
sub-saharan Africa we’re seeing an
increase in people needing to use open
defecation because of population growth
if you think about these people living
in many developing countries just their
daily activities put them at risk of
disease they need to go collect water
that water may well be contaminated
there might be fishing in contaminated
water they might be collecting water for
animals to look after animals or to look
after their family so their daily
activities increase their risk of
parasitism for many people they don’t
have access to the education that we can
enjoy there are many millions of
children that are out of school
school-aged children that are out of
school because they have to provide for
their families they miss out on
education to help limit the spread of
these diseases but also they miss out on
some of the prevention programs that are
taking place in schools after that the
lack of sustainable healthcare and we
can see that we’re starting to have a
major issue here but imagine if you will
that you’re at risk of these parasitic
diseases just because of where you live
just because of the climate that you’re
in which can actually harness and
tongues metal increases the likelihood
of transmission of parasite underpinning
all this we have poverty have magician
malnutrition and as we’ve just heard
conflict and unrest they add to all of
these problems children who are living
in areas of conflict or civil arrests of
four times less likely to have access to
basic water what I mean by basic water
is that they collect
to within 30 minutes from the protected
water source that’s not what we enjoy
that’s not where we’re you stay these
children who are living in conflict were
also twice as likely to have no access
to basic sanitation okay so what that
does is it puts them at risk from major
a number of major parasitic diseases the
modern half billion people on our planet
are affected by what we call soil
transmitted helmets helmets that are
transmitted because people come into
contact with infected eggs or infective
larvae there’s a number of different
important species that are involved here
but three of the most important include
things like the round worms which is a
Sporus the point is I’ve brought them
along for you to have a look at today
I’ve left a few others outside to use
how to look at as well over time some of
them are quite small this is quite a big
beastie grows up to about 35 to 45
centimeters but most of our parasites
are quite snare so here on the screen
we’ve got a human whipworm track tourist
track your er got sheep species outside
for you to have a look at and also the
hook worms and colostomy Judah gnarly
and Nicator America honest they are
three of the most important parasites
that cause problems on our planet but
they do exactly what they say on the tin
they are spread by contact with either
infective X or by contact with infective
our larvae if we think about how that
can happen
in a lot of different ways you can end
up picking up these infections when
you’re eating or handling unwashed
vegetables particularly if they have
been fertilized by feces from a human
that makes human fertilizer and that’s
very common you can pick these up from
ingesting contaminated water again a
major problem but we also see massive
issues with contamination from the soil
this is where children for example will
go our I will play in the soil and they
will pick up these parasite eggs and
then accidentally ingest them when they
eat or when their hands
the other males are in their mouths so
that’s a major route of infestation we
also see occupational exposure so people
like miners and tea pickers particularly
at risk from these parasitic diseases
most of us will be touch upon good we
know we’ll stay away from it but there’s
a delay in the life cycle which I’ll
talk about in just a second which means
that you don’t actually know that you’re
handling or touching contaminated soil
or contaminated material okay lovie down
the bottom here this is these are three
of the most important parasite rights
that we can see of the top is ascaris
appointees this is true curious tribe
you’re in here and this one down the
bottom is Nicator americanus it’s a
hookworm egg they’re a little bit
different
you don’t actually ingest the eggs
that’s not how the infection works the
infection works when the eggs make
contact with the soil they’ll hatch and
then the law of you will developed and
quite often you will then get those
larvae penetrating the skin particularly
when you’re walking barefoot whoo look
at that lifecycle what we’ll see is
typically what’s happening is the eggs
will come out in the feces of the
individual they’ll be infective about
eighteen days later so it’s not fresh
feces that’s the problem here it’s when
that fecal material starts to break down
you won’t know it’s there but the
parasites the eggs will be developing
will then adjust those eggs and
eventually depending on the species that
go through a bit of an interesting
journey around the body they will end up
in the intestine that whole cycle starts
again
hookworms a little bit different the
eggs will make contact with the soil
they’ll hatch in about one to two days
the larvae will then develop and about
five to ten days later they will start
to penetrate be able to penetrate how to
scan or human skin so that’s some
examples all parasites that are really
important but another example that I
wanted to show you today is the second
most important tropical disease after
malaria this is schistosomiasis
schistosomiasis is a disease that’s
caused by a helmet another worm but this
time the worms not living in the
intestine the worm at the top you these
two images here that some male worm the
big fat one and the one all curled up
that’s a female worm you want to have a
look at those I’ve got someone
i prescribed for you to look at they’re
actually living in the bloodstream okay
so these are living in a different place
entirely but the transmission routes the
same it’s through contact with infected
water so what happens is when people are
affected with these worms they will
produce eggs either in their feces or in
their urine there are two main forms of
schistosomiasis one is an intestinal
form the other one is all around the
urogenital tract when they defecate or
urinate in water those eggs
make contact with that water and they’ll
hatch they’ll hatch into a little larval
stage called Ramirez video and that
would infect a snail intermediate host
from that snail intermediate host
parasite learn to go a lot development
it will then shed these little things
that look a bit like sperm over there on
the far corner they’re called Sakaki
that’s the infective stage of the
parasite and when a human goes into
infected water these little things will
burrow into the skin
they will then shed their tail and
they’ll go on and lovely migratory
journey around the body and eventually
end up in the right sort of blood
vessels for the species of parasite
we’ve got about five different species
that infect humans for the most
important the ones that we see most
frequently while schistosomiasis I
that’s just a sober japonicum gar the
intestinal worms my sister’s over
haematobium which is really rivalry for
me so what can we do what should we do a
whole range of things I hope first thing
that core principle the cool thing that
underpins preventing or limiting the
spread of these diseases is education
but as we’ve already seen we’ve got so
many children out of education for other
reasons provision of safe water and
sanitation this is goal number six on
the sustainable development goals of the
UN this is really really important they
want to try and reach universal access
by 2030 but we actually missed the 2015
Millennium Goals that would have allowed
us to have access to some good
sanitation
for 70 77
population but currently as 68 percent
so we’re gonna have to work really hard
to get to those goals should we be
addressed in lifestyles in the West we
talk about lifestyle choice don’t we
this is not a choice for these people
who are living in these environments but
by addressing our attitudes we can help
do we want to tackle poverty that’s
number one on the sustainable
development goals that’s going to be a
big game changer so we’ve got seven
hundred sixty seven million people still
below the International poverty line or
an income of one one one dollar and
ninety cents per day many of these
people are in extreme poverty and these
are the people that we need to deal with
do we need more research almost
certainly yes but all of these things
are going to cost money where’s that
going to come for we need to think about
that so what we need to do is take an
integrated approach but what I would say
to you is these inequalities are often
invisible to us 800 children dying every
day from preventable diseases caused by
lack of good quality water poor
sanitation as horrible as this analogy
sounds that’s the equivalent of to to
mow Jets full of these under-fives
crashing every day if we saw that would
we take action there’s lots of things
that can happen there are mass deworming
campaigns that are taking place and in
the end of September the World Health
Organization published some new
recommendations based on some of the
successes that had happened last year
where 68 percent of those children most
at risk were being treated the goal
length is to reach 75 percent of those
children in a couple of years time
they’re really important goals and these
are things that happening but it makes
it a little bit difficult to think how
we can help him other things
we improve sanitation and we improve
water sources not only do we reduce the
spread of soil transmitted elements of
schistosomiasis it brings other tangible
benefits as well it promotes dignity but
also safety open defecation for women
particularly in young girls is
particularly dangerous it promotes
school attendance again if there’s
somewhere safe
where you can go and use the toilet
where you can defecate safely or where
you know you’ve got access to clean
water you’re more likely to be able to
then go to school but promote school
attendance again particularly important
for women and young girls up brings
other benefits doesn’t it it opens up
new opportunities and it also gives you
more choices if you’re able to get
better education your opportunities
change if we reduce the number of
parasites that are living with these in
these people these parasites are feeding
on host tissues that causing
malnutrition they are causing malaise
they are causing a whole range of
particular chronic problems that means
that these people are not able to work
or achieve the lifestyles that they want
by reducing the parasites we reduce
monkey malnutrition but interestingly we
can also use properly the safely managed
feces as a renewable source of energy we
can use that for cooking and we can use
it for lighting we can also recover
valuable nutrients and water from
properly managed feces and that can be
used for every purposes like alpha
agriculture so what else could we do I
don’t know what you think is this not
our problem I think it’s very much our
problem and if I can do one thing
what I’d like to do is ask you to find
out more information and perhaps think
about getting involved I’m not here to
advocate any particular organization my
job is to perhaps ask you if you
wouldn’t mind if you’ve got the capacity
and if you’ve got the technology to do a
very simple web search for water
sanitation
or the acronym wash you’ll find out lots
of stuff that’s going on around the
world lots of really important
information and you will also be doing
your bit to help open and open
defecation I think that if you value
your right to pay wanna loo this is
something that we can do here so we can
end open defecation and we can promote
universal access to basic sanitation and
water by 2030 we’ve talked a lot already
about inequality and I just want to end
on a personal story a story that you
might find a little bit odd but
parasites don’t care who you are what
you do you just have to be in the wrong
place at the wrong time and that
parasite all it needs is a host all it
wants to do is survive it doesn’t care
whether you’ve got money doesn’t care
whether you’re poor but if you’re poor
you’re more likely to get infected as
travel and tourism opens up we travelled
further afield template do various
different things and I did this on my
honeymoon
I spent my honeymoon not just with my
new husband but with some other new
friends as well and when I was on
honeymoon here I was taking a little
walk along the beach at night my new
husband and I were nicknamed the most
active honeymoon couple not for the
reasons that you might be thinking but
simply for the fact that we were doing
lots of watersports we were out in the
water every day either swimming
snorkeling diving messing about either
all are in the water that meant that I
spent most of that time before what
happened to me was I took a little
trundle along around on the beach and I
couldn’t see any feces I can’t see
anything that looked like I shouldn’t
step in it but what happened was I ended
up with little worm larvae that managed
to burrow into my toe now because it
takes a while for these things to happen
it wasn’t till I got home that my foot
starts to get bitchy
it was burning a bit
was feeling a bit uncomfortable and I
thought hmm I picked up a beautiful so I
got my antifungal cream and I slapped it
on and a few days later nothing was
happening and then after a couple more
days I started to see little telltale
tracks on my foot and I thought uh-huh
I know what you are this was a cutaneous
larva migrans and so literally I don’t
know if we can really see it here
I had hookworm larvae migrating in my
foot they didn’t get very far because
actually they were hook worms that
belonged to a cat they wanted to
actually be in a cat gut and not in my
god they weren’t human at once and so
they got stuck in my foot it was quite
painful
so I literally popped footed it down to
the GP surgery who was absolutely
delighted because it was the first time
she’d ever seen us in the flesh we don’t
often see this in the UK so I then was
able to get treated with either macton
those of you who may become provided by
culture and background will know that we
don’t usually use that for human use in
the UK who use it for animals for
treating wounds and animals but I had
ivermectin it solved the problem really
easily for me I didn’t have to go back
into that contaminated environment I got
treatment I was okay the point is
parasites affect us all but we all have
a duty to do something about it and we
can help that by promoting water
sanitation and health thank you
[Applause]
population
it’s basic sanitation what that means is
that we can actually duplicate in an
approved illegal toilet where we don’t
have to touch our own pieces that’s not
true for many people on our planet one
in three of us on our planet do not have
access to this basic sanitation that’s
33 of us in this room now going home
this afternoon have no toilets taken
away would we stand to that okay what
about the poorest people in our world
Oh nearly 900 million people open
defecation is still a fact of life that
means they go to the toilet they don’t
go to the toilet they have to poop in
the open in storm drains in the bushes
and fields or in open water sources this
is a really stark and sad reality we’re
very lucky what we can do is when we go
home we need water we can turn on our
tap but 2.1 billion people lack safe
water what that means is water that is
free from contamination add to that
another 10% of our world’s population
eating food that has been irrigated by
wastewater will turn me by wastewater
well what we’re talking about here is
any water that has been contaminated or
has its quality decreased by human
activity that includes excrement that
includes urine and feces in the water
when we want to get rid of our expert
what do we do we flush our lows but for
many people that’s obviously not an
option living close to in close
proximity to human feces means that many
people are dying unnecessarily from what
are largely preventable diseases
it’s our under-fives little scourge
it’s all pregnant women who are most at
risk here would we want that for our
families
no that includes a number of different
diseases our parasitic worms that I’m
going to talk a little bit more about
today we wouldn’t want that for our
families but many of these people are
living in developing countries and so
why parasites such a problem well
they’re a problem because that’s why we
see the most limited access to safe
water and adequate sanitation I don’t
mean sanitation that we’re used to
I need adequate sanitation in
sub-saharan Africa we’re seeing an
increase in people needing to use open
defecation because of population growth
if you think about these people living
in many developing countries just their
daily activities put them at risk of
disease they need to go collect water
that water may well be contaminated
there might be fishing in contaminated
water they might be collecting water for
animals to look after animals or to look
after their family so their daily
activities increase their risk of
parasitism for many people they don’t
have access to the education that we can
enjoy there are many millions of
children that are out of school
school-aged children that are out of
school because they have to provide for
their families they miss out on
education to help limit the spread of
these diseases but also they miss out on
some of the prevention programs that are
taking place in schools after that the
lack of sustainable healthcare and we
can see that we’re starting to have a
major issue here but imagine if you will
that you’re at risk of these parasitic
diseases just because of where you live
just because of the climate that you’re
in which can actually harness and
tongues metal increases the likelihood
of transmission of parasite underpinning
all this we have poverty have magician
malnutrition and as we’ve just heard
conflict and unrest they add to all of
these problems children who are living
in areas of conflict or civil arrests of
four times less likely to have access to
basic water what I mean by basic water
is that they collect
to within 30 minutes from the protected
water source that’s not what we enjoy
that’s not where we’re you stay these
children who are living in conflict were
also twice as likely to have no access
to basic sanitation okay so what that
does is it puts them at risk from major
a number of major parasitic diseases the
modern half billion people on our planet
are affected by what we call soil
transmitted helmets helmets that are
transmitted because people come into
contact with infected eggs or infective
larvae there’s a number of different
important species that are involved here
but three of the most important include
things like the round worms which is a
Sporus the point is I’ve brought them
along for you to have a look at today
I’ve left a few others outside to use
how to look at as well over time some of
them are quite small this is quite a big
beastie grows up to about 35 to 45
centimeters but most of our parasites
are quite snare so here on the screen
we’ve got a human whipworm track tourist
track your er got sheep species outside
for you to have a look at and also the
hook worms and colostomy Judah gnarly
and Nicator America honest they are
three of the most important parasites
that cause problems on our planet but
they do exactly what they say on the tin
they are spread by contact with either
infective X or by contact with infective
our larvae if we think about how that
can happen
in a lot of different ways you can end
up picking up these infections when
you’re eating or handling unwashed
vegetables particularly if they have
been fertilized by feces from a human
that makes human fertilizer and that’s
very common you can pick these up from
ingesting contaminated water again a
major problem but we also see massive
issues with contamination from the soil
this is where children for example will
go our I will play in the soil and they
will pick up these parasite eggs and
then accidentally ingest them when they
eat or when their hands
the other males are in their mouths so
that’s a major route of infestation we
also see occupational exposure so people
like miners and tea pickers particularly
at risk from these parasitic diseases
most of us will be touch upon good we
know we’ll stay away from it but there’s
a delay in the life cycle which I’ll
talk about in just a second which means
that you don’t actually know that you’re
handling or touching contaminated soil
or contaminated material okay lovie down
the bottom here this is these are three
of the most important parasite rights
that we can see of the top is ascaris
appointees this is true curious tribe
you’re in here and this one down the
bottom is Nicator americanus it’s a
hookworm egg they’re a little bit
different
you don’t actually ingest the eggs
that’s not how the infection works the
infection works when the eggs make
contact with the soil they’ll hatch and
then the law of you will developed and
quite often you will then get those
larvae penetrating the skin particularly
when you’re walking barefoot whoo look
at that lifecycle what we’ll see is
typically what’s happening is the eggs
will come out in the feces of the
individual they’ll be infective about
eighteen days later so it’s not fresh
feces that’s the problem here it’s when
that fecal material starts to break down
you won’t know it’s there but the
parasites the eggs will be developing
will then adjust those eggs and
eventually depending on the species that
go through a bit of an interesting
journey around the body they will end up
in the intestine that whole cycle starts
again
hookworms a little bit different the
eggs will make contact with the soil
they’ll hatch in about one to two days
the larvae will then develop and about
five to ten days later they will start
to penetrate be able to penetrate how to
scan or human skin so that’s some
examples all parasites that are really
important but another example that I
wanted to show you today is the second
most important tropical disease after
malaria this is schistosomiasis
schistosomiasis is a disease that’s
caused by a helmet another worm but this
time the worms not living in the
intestine the worm at the top you these
two images here that some male worm the
big fat one and the one all curled up
that’s a female worm you want to have a
look at those I’ve got someone
i prescribed for you to look at they’re
actually living in the bloodstream okay
so these are living in a different place
entirely but the transmission routes the
same it’s through contact with infected
water so what happens is when people are
affected with these worms they will
produce eggs either in their feces or in
their urine there are two main forms of
schistosomiasis one is an intestinal
form the other one is all around the
urogenital tract when they defecate or
urinate in water those eggs
make contact with that water and they’ll
hatch they’ll hatch into a little larval
stage called Ramirez video and that
would infect a snail intermediate host
from that snail intermediate host
parasite learn to go a lot development
it will then shed these little things
that look a bit like sperm over there on
the far corner they’re called Sakaki
that’s the infective stage of the
parasite and when a human goes into
infected water these little things will
burrow into the skin
they will then shed their tail and
they’ll go on and lovely migratory
journey around the body and eventually
end up in the right sort of blood
vessels for the species of parasite
we’ve got about five different species
that infect humans for the most
important the ones that we see most
frequently while schistosomiasis I
that’s just a sober japonicum gar the
intestinal worms my sister’s over
haematobium which is really rivalry for
me so what can we do what should we do a
whole range of things I hope first thing
that core principle the cool thing that
underpins preventing or limiting the
spread of these diseases is education
but as we’ve already seen we’ve got so
many children out of education for other
reasons provision of safe water and
sanitation this is goal number six on
the sustainable development goals of the
UN this is really really important they
want to try and reach universal access
by 2030 but we actually missed the 2015
Millennium Goals that would have allowed
us to have access to some good
sanitation
for 70 77
population but currently as 68 percent
so we’re gonna have to work really hard
to get to those goals should we be
addressed in lifestyles in the West we
talk about lifestyle choice don’t we
this is not a choice for these people
who are living in these environments but
by addressing our attitudes we can help
do we want to tackle poverty that’s
number one on the sustainable
development goals that’s going to be a
big game changer so we’ve got seven
hundred sixty seven million people still
below the International poverty line or
an income of one one one dollar and
ninety cents per day many of these
people are in extreme poverty and these
are the people that we need to deal with
do we need more research almost
certainly yes but all of these things
are going to cost money where’s that
going to come for we need to think about
that so what we need to do is take an
integrated approach but what I would say
to you is these inequalities are often
invisible to us 800 children dying every
day from preventable diseases caused by
lack of good quality water poor
sanitation as horrible as this analogy
sounds that’s the equivalent of to to
mow Jets full of these under-fives
crashing every day if we saw that would
we take action there’s lots of things
that can happen there are mass deworming
campaigns that are taking place and in
the end of September the World Health
Organization published some new
recommendations based on some of the
successes that had happened last year
where 68 percent of those children most
at risk were being treated the goal
length is to reach 75 percent of those
children in a couple of years time
they’re really important goals and these
are things that happening but it makes
it a little bit difficult to think how
we can help him other things
we improve sanitation and we improve
water sources not only do we reduce the
spread of soil transmitted elements of
schistosomiasis it brings other tangible
benefits as well it promotes dignity but
also safety open defecation for women
particularly in young girls is
particularly dangerous it promotes
school attendance again if there’s
somewhere safe
where you can go and use the toilet
where you can defecate safely or where
you know you’ve got access to clean
water you’re more likely to be able to
then go to school but promote school
attendance again particularly important
for women and young girls up brings
other benefits doesn’t it it opens up
new opportunities and it also gives you
more choices if you’re able to get
better education your opportunities
change if we reduce the number of
parasites that are living with these in
these people these parasites are feeding
on host tissues that causing
malnutrition they are causing malaise
they are causing a whole range of
particular chronic problems that means
that these people are not able to work
or achieve the lifestyles that they want
by reducing the parasites we reduce
monkey malnutrition but interestingly we
can also use properly the safely managed
feces as a renewable source of energy we
can use that for cooking and we can use
it for lighting we can also recover
valuable nutrients and water from
properly managed feces and that can be
used for every purposes like alpha
agriculture so what else could we do I
don’t know what you think is this not
our problem I think it’s very much our
problem and if I can do one thing
what I’d like to do is ask you to find
out more information and perhaps think
about getting involved I’m not here to
advocate any particular organization my
job is to perhaps ask you if you
wouldn’t mind if you’ve got the capacity
and if you’ve got the technology to do a
very simple web search for water
sanitation
or the acronym wash you’ll find out lots
of stuff that’s going on around the
world lots of really important
information and you will also be doing
your bit to help open and open
defecation I think that if you value
your right to pay wanna loo this is
something that we can do here so we can
end open defecation and we can promote
universal access to basic sanitation and
water by 2030 we’ve talked a lot already
about inequality and I just want to end
on a personal story a story that you
might find a little bit odd but
parasites don’t care who you are what
you do you just have to be in the wrong
place at the wrong time and that
parasite all it needs is a host all it
wants to do is survive it doesn’t care
whether you’ve got money doesn’t care
whether you’re poor but if you’re poor
you’re more likely to get infected as
travel and tourism opens up we travelled
further afield template do various
different things and I did this on my
honeymoon
I spent my honeymoon not just with my
new husband but with some other new
friends as well and when I was on
honeymoon here I was taking a little
walk along the beach at night my new
husband and I were nicknamed the most
active honeymoon couple not for the
reasons that you might be thinking but
simply for the fact that we were doing
lots of watersports we were out in the
water every day either swimming
snorkeling diving messing about either
all are in the water that meant that I
spent most of that time before what
happened to me was I took a little
trundle along around on the beach and I
couldn’t see any feces I can’t see
anything that looked like I shouldn’t
step in it but what happened was I ended
up with little worm larvae that managed
to burrow into my toe now because it
takes a while for these things to happen
it wasn’t till I got home that my foot
starts to get bitchy
it was burning a bit
was feeling a bit uncomfortable and I
thought hmm I picked up a beautiful so I
got my antifungal cream and I slapped it
on and a few days later nothing was
happening and then after a couple more
days I started to see little telltale
tracks on my foot and I thought uh-huh
I know what you are this was a cutaneous
larva migrans and so literally I don’t
know if we can really see it here
I had hookworm larvae migrating in my
foot they didn’t get very far because
actually they were hook worms that
belonged to a cat they wanted to
actually be in a cat gut and not in my
god they weren’t human at once and so
they got stuck in my foot it was quite
painful
so I literally popped footed it down to
the GP surgery who was absolutely
delighted because it was the first time
she’d ever seen us in the flesh we don’t
often see this in the UK so I then was
able to get treated with either macton
those of you who may become provided by
culture and background will know that we
don’t usually use that for human use in
the UK who use it for animals for
treating wounds and animals but I had
ivermectin it solved the problem really
easily for me I didn’t have to go back
into that contaminated environment I got
treatment I was okay the point is
parasites affect us all but we all have
a duty to do something about it and we
can help that by promoting water
sanitation and health thank you
[Applause]
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