[Music]
the beating of the wings of a butterfly in
brazil can cause a tornado in
Texas
said Edward Lawrence climatologist
mathematical the first understand that one
very small kind difference in one
complex system as it may be the
atmospheric climate can result
strong consequences as violent as it may be
be a tornado in texas
well on the wings of the butterfly of
lawrence that now a concept
scientific knowledge and which applies to
all the sciences I would like to bring you into one
journey in the news of research
scientific research
an exciting exciting journey
at least for me because for me this is the
The most beautiful adventure we start with
astrophysics with a discovery of which
surely you have all heard of it
the discovery of gravitational waves
awarded by the nobel for physics in
October 2017 the last novel attributed
a gravity wave
meanwhile, before saying what it is
let’s listen
the Americans call it a chirp
a kind effect but in reality it has
caused by a disturbance
the skating ambiante is provoked by one
collision of black holes of masses 10 20
30 times larger than the mass
terrestrial that is a billion years ago
in a region so full of ours
cosmos clashed they merged
this collision caused a sound
which is so interpreted by the instruments
that sounds kind but a sound
very powerful because the signal of one
perturbation of what is the fabric
more intimate space of the universe
time these waves have been planned
one hundred years ago by albert einstein
exactly one hundred years later in 2015
for the first time, they were listened to
from tools like this strong tools
very complex this is one of the two
tools that are called onlives of the
united states to the north and south of the country that
at the same time they registered the
passage of this gravitational wave
from a billion years ago from
a region very very far away
of our cosmos and how they do a
record these gravitational
tools through the
interferometers that are inside the
tunnel that you see the two arms in this
long case four kilometers long and
was measured for the first time in
2015 from the two instruments
simultaneously with that measure
followed other measures we recall in
particular that of the same
interferometer in Italy virgo a lot
similar to the lake outside here we see
the interior and see the instrument in fact
this interferometer an instrument
very complex which is made of bundles
lasers that come and go along those
arms that we saw made in dell and
inside the lasers are reflected from
some mirrors and what’s going on
when a gravitational wave passes that
the length of the arms is reduced by one
measure
very gentle ten to less than 18 meters
that is, 0.18 zeros and eight meters a measure
infinitely small but extremely
precise measured by the two laical and by
virgo
and in particular virgo was
protagonist of a fundamental measure
of these gravitational waves because it was
due to the collision this time not
of two black holes but two stars of
neutrons two very massive objects but
unlike the black holes that emanate
also light and this meant that
in addition to feeling the gravitational wave
both laic and virgo all telescopes
of the world all the telescopes mounted on
satellites in space have seen the
light simultaneously of these two
stars and this is a discovery
incredible the first time in history
of humanity which is a cosmic phenomenon
is recorded through these two
signal the wave signal
gravitational perturbation of the
time space but also the optical signal
visual measured by telescopes like that
that you see here that is the most powerful
optical telescope in the desert world
of atacama is called via alti very large
telescope and even if it is in chile it is
a European conquest a telescope
European
another discovery I’d like to talk to you about
of which you have surely heard
and that is very suited to the definition
strong and kind
a kind little difference a
strong gigantic effect and discovery
of the higgs boson in the laboratory in
I work more or less every day
the cern of geneva my house we say
my house more stable than everyone
my travels and the discovery happened
announced in 2012 in dell hc the boson
of higgs just like they said in the
motivation of the beautiful award exactly
the following year is a lot of particle
small therefore very kind as
the quantum of a field that does everything
the difference makes a huge difference
think without the interaction with the boson
I higgs you this laser pointer
this stage would not exist we would be
pure radiation roaming in the cosmos because
thanks to the interaction with the field of
higgs one billionth of a second after the
big bang that our particles are
particles that make up our own
DNA but also the material of which it is made
this stage or the oxygen we breathe
and all the elements of the table
chemistry would be nothing without
interact with the field of
for hours of action without mass was
necessary to build an instrument
gigantic as large hadron collider
of the geneva cern that we see in
this image an accelerator of
very powerful and very large particles
circumference 27 km we see here the
comparison with the airport runway of
geneva behind the lake and the white mountain
then a gigantic car at the
scientific instrument bigger than the
world but also more complex and powerful
27 kilometers of superconductors that
hold two bundles of protons together
opposite direction circulating at speed
of the light
small bundles like a human hair 25
meters and all this because to recreate
what we can no longer observe
the universe at its origin the universe
primordial the universe when he had a
billionth of a second after his
birth from the big bang is not possible
observe it with optical telescopes because
the light was born when the universe had
300 thousand years of age so the only way
today we have to see the universe
his birth and recreate the
laboratory is to this serve lhc cones
that with his eyes atlas and cms two gods
four large particle detectors
in the collisions between protons he saw
the higgs boson is born of this is
his photo was taken billions
and billions of photos for years before
announce the discovery because the
also discovered a statistical factor that
must not have any error at all
end and then announce the existence of
this particle here we see his
traces deposited inside one of the
two detectors how this ri works
creation of the miniature universe in
a very small point works
through a formula that everyone
you know it is the same emmeciquadro but what
it means em energy mass energy
matter and equivalence ok and with c
framework means that if it is concentrated
so much energy in a very small point
very empty is recreated the same
heat density situation of
temperature of physical conditions
of the universe its beginning that
spontaneously turns into
this happens 40 million times a
second
inside the lhc collider inside
of these detectors the energy from
clash of protons turns into
matter I said before without the boson
higgs without the higgs field nothing
it would exist and all that exists
it works, it exists thanks to interaction
with this field actually all that
that exists that we know
in the universe and only 5 percent of the
all the great mystery of physics of
today is dark matter a matter that
we know there is but absolutely not yes
see why we see I see you
because your photons hit mine
iris and my brain composes yours
image conversely the telescopes see
always for exchange of photons see one
much wider range a field much more
wide of what they can see i
our eyes all the spectrum
electromagnetic but always through
photons well, the photons have freed themselves
from primordial plasma to 300,000 years of
age of the universe and all that we
let’s see it works for the interaction
electromagnetic actually exists one
matter that is called obscure that
nothing dark emanates
cold but there is because the comments of
astrophysics confirm us that it must
there has also been calculated where it is
how much is 25 %
altogether we are 5 percent the
rest is completely unknown but we know
that there is dark matter from images
like this these are galaxies in
rotating the matter of which they are made
observable does not justify the speed
of their movement and there have been many
observations of this kind in which yes
see trajectories of stars and gods
planets deviated must be a mass
which makes him responsible for this
deviation
well, the most sensitive experiments to
world to find this dark matter
they are not far from here they are below
the cave of the great stone under the
rock 1,400 kilometers m
the national laboratories of the gran stone
there are two experiments that are the most
sensitive to the research world of
dark matter particles not yet
you find but very useful studies
facts have set limits
of the mass that should have the first
and xenon
we see it in this image
from the outside it is as tall as a palace of
about three floors and inside
contains this incredible tool is
a thermostat that virtually contains
liquid liquid xenon to keep it
liquid must be cooled at least
95 degrees and this material has the
particularity xenon this gas when
the liquid to be extremely dense
and have a chance to interact
with some particle of dark matter
that should detach from the rotation
of our galaxy the milky way e
which then shielded from the rock of the gran
stone comes pure to the instrument then
a passive observation tool
who is there waiting for this
interaction rare interaction
nice little but if it is discovered
it will certainly be a good thing because we would have
discovered 25 percent of which it is made
all together with xenon there is another one
experiment to the great stone that seeks
also dark matter is called dark
very similar side instead of xenon gas
uses liquid argon and together
they seek to pursue this dark matter
they have made many useful measures but not
again the discovery and I wish it
strongly because they deserve it
they are really extremely precise and
sensitive and are made from the minds
young people from all the countries of the world more
brilliant that there are in this field
of physics to the great stone there is also a
another borexin instrument instead of
results have already had so many
borexino we can also apply the
strong and kind logic seeks one
particle too very kind
the neutrino i is also very important
neutrinos in particular arriving from
center of the sun the neutrino one
particle so light that its
mass has not yet been measured but
so abundant that it is so good
travel at the speed of light from
depth of the cosmos that is
very important to study this
particle thought is generated
together with photons inside the center
of the sun which is a gigantic star
to the greatest of all ours
galaxy
and while photons to get to
surface of the sun only bring us
millions of years the neutrino from
center of the sun up to borexino puts us
8 milliseconds because it travels
undisturbed at the speed of light
so nothing can stop it
and it is clear that it is necessary to stop it
large masses like borexino with
inside a lot of material
gaseous liquid kept under pressure
with many photomultipliers who are hoping
to find that kind look that
rare interaction that the neutrino
could have with the gas and the atoms of the
gas contained within borexino e
when there is this interaction this gas
allows a spark it also creates a
electron together with the neutrino are
nuclear reactions that take place
at the same time for which i
photomultipliers hope to see
that spark have already seen
so many because borexino was the first
experiment to observe the flow of
to feed isolate directly and is
the first experiment was also
observe other very useful neutrinos
also to geophysics
antineutrinos that our earth itself
generates the so-called good geoneutrinos
I would like to end this trip on
butterfly wings of lawrence with the
field of science that closer to
lawrence that the science of the climate the
climatology with this image of
glaciers that we filmed together with
my partner last week in
arctic at svalbard I’m back to
Tuesday from this trip on the glaciers
of the svalbard a land that is at the
above the arctic polar circle a lot
closer to the north pole less than a thousand
kilometers compared to norway is one
earth that makes between 78 and 82
degrees north latitude covered to 92
percent from glaciers that glaciers
but like all the glaciers of ours
planet are in retraction which means
that they lose on the surface but in the Arctic
this effect is amplified
the arctic amplification once again
is due to slight gentle differences in
a complex system like the climate that
I cause potentially effects
catastrophic as the disappearance of all
the glaciers in arctic catastrophic lo
we can already understand the change
we feel it on all of us
days but the true consequences are
excessively catastrophic a
glacier that melts in the arctic
frees a surface that instead of
be white as it must be then
it no longer reflects the rays of the sun because
it is dark, not reflecting the rays of the sun
What happens to the surface heats up
warming up more
melt even more ice again
before it reforms and dissolves for
example the permafrost and therefore all one
series of systems including gas also of
waters are released and pour into
waters in the arctic where they are formed
major regulatory currents of the
our current climate of the hot and gulf
current of the Pacific and the Atlantic
north that cold the warm balance
cold of these currents is a parameter
fundamental regulator of our climate
because the heat exchange between the
surface for the water of the oceans and
the atmosphere is what regulates the
cloud formation and when this
balance is upset happen
return- type phenomena and rains
torrential also at latitudes where di
usually these phenomena are not seen
other serious consequence easily
imaginable from the dissolution of
these huge glaciers because the pole
north is not a land svalbard
of the last earth before the pole the pole
north and sea ice and sea
then dissolve if it melts and everything
that ice
clearly all of them rise up
oceans of the planet and the first thing a
disappear are cities like pescara city
coastal town of the coast ok and so
very large effects due to
very small differences so much difference
as small as those two degrees of
increase in average temperatures
global that we are with 160 countries of the
world busy to contain with measures
to be taken again in the conference on
paris 2 degree climate seem nothing
but from those two degrees, or rather, from a means
degree depends on the possibility for the
our species is used to all these
beautiful conditions of balance of
to survive
and then before this happens first
that all the ice melt
Arctic
I invite you to see them
watching them admire them all together
enjoy them with this very short film
and here I finish my presentation
[Applause]
[Music]
time
[Music]
[Music]
or
[Music]
a
[Music]
no
the beating of the wings of a butterfly in
brazil can cause a tornado in
Texas
said Edward Lawrence climatologist
mathematical the first understand that one
very small kind difference in one
complex system as it may be the
atmospheric climate can result
strong consequences as violent as it may be
be a tornado in texas
well on the wings of the butterfly of
lawrence that now a concept
scientific knowledge and which applies to
all the sciences I would like to bring you into one
journey in the news of research
scientific research
an exciting exciting journey
at least for me because for me this is the
The most beautiful adventure we start with
astrophysics with a discovery of which
surely you have all heard of it
the discovery of gravitational waves
awarded by the nobel for physics in
October 2017 the last novel attributed
a gravity wave
meanwhile, before saying what it is
let’s listen
the Americans call it a chirp
a kind effect but in reality it has
caused by a disturbance
the skating ambiante is provoked by one
collision of black holes of masses 10 20
30 times larger than the mass
terrestrial that is a billion years ago
in a region so full of ours
cosmos clashed they merged
this collision caused a sound
which is so interpreted by the instruments
that sounds kind but a sound
very powerful because the signal of one
perturbation of what is the fabric
more intimate space of the universe
time these waves have been planned
one hundred years ago by albert einstein
exactly one hundred years later in 2015
for the first time, they were listened to
from tools like this strong tools
very complex this is one of the two
tools that are called onlives of the
united states to the north and south of the country that
at the same time they registered the
passage of this gravitational wave
from a billion years ago from
a region very very far away
of our cosmos and how they do a
record these gravitational
tools through the
interferometers that are inside the
tunnel that you see the two arms in this
long case four kilometers long and
was measured for the first time in
2015 from the two instruments
simultaneously with that measure
followed other measures we recall in
particular that of the same
interferometer in Italy virgo a lot
similar to the lake outside here we see
the interior and see the instrument in fact
this interferometer an instrument
very complex which is made of bundles
lasers that come and go along those
arms that we saw made in dell and
inside the lasers are reflected from
some mirrors and what’s going on
when a gravitational wave passes that
the length of the arms is reduced by one
measure
very gentle ten to less than 18 meters
that is, 0.18 zeros and eight meters a measure
infinitely small but extremely
precise measured by the two laical and by
virgo
and in particular virgo was
protagonist of a fundamental measure
of these gravitational waves because it was
due to the collision this time not
of two black holes but two stars of
neutrons two very massive objects but
unlike the black holes that emanate
also light and this meant that
in addition to feeling the gravitational wave
both laic and virgo all telescopes
of the world all the telescopes mounted on
satellites in space have seen the
light simultaneously of these two
stars and this is a discovery
incredible the first time in history
of humanity which is a cosmic phenomenon
is recorded through these two
signal the wave signal
gravitational perturbation of the
time space but also the optical signal
visual measured by telescopes like that
that you see here that is the most powerful
optical telescope in the desert world
of atacama is called via alti very large
telescope and even if it is in chile it is
a European conquest a telescope
European
another discovery I’d like to talk to you about
of which you have surely heard
and that is very suited to the definition
strong and kind
a kind little difference a
strong gigantic effect and discovery
of the higgs boson in the laboratory in
I work more or less every day
the cern of geneva my house we say
my house more stable than everyone
my travels and the discovery happened
announced in 2012 in dell hc the boson
of higgs just like they said in the
motivation of the beautiful award exactly
the following year is a lot of particle
small therefore very kind as
the quantum of a field that does everything
the difference makes a huge difference
think without the interaction with the boson
I higgs you this laser pointer
this stage would not exist we would be
pure radiation roaming in the cosmos because
thanks to the interaction with the field of
higgs one billionth of a second after the
big bang that our particles are
particles that make up our own
DNA but also the material of which it is made
this stage or the oxygen we breathe
and all the elements of the table
chemistry would be nothing without
interact with the field of
for hours of action without mass was
necessary to build an instrument
gigantic as large hadron collider
of the geneva cern that we see in
this image an accelerator of
very powerful and very large particles
circumference 27 km we see here the
comparison with the airport runway of
geneva behind the lake and the white mountain
then a gigantic car at the
scientific instrument bigger than the
world but also more complex and powerful
27 kilometers of superconductors that
hold two bundles of protons together
opposite direction circulating at speed
of the light
small bundles like a human hair 25
meters and all this because to recreate
what we can no longer observe
the universe at its origin the universe
primordial the universe when he had a
billionth of a second after his
birth from the big bang is not possible
observe it with optical telescopes because
the light was born when the universe had
300 thousand years of age so the only way
today we have to see the universe
his birth and recreate the
laboratory is to this serve lhc cones
that with his eyes atlas and cms two gods
four large particle detectors
in the collisions between protons he saw
the higgs boson is born of this is
his photo was taken billions
and billions of photos for years before
announce the discovery because the
also discovered a statistical factor that
must not have any error at all
end and then announce the existence of
this particle here we see his
traces deposited inside one of the
two detectors how this ri works
creation of the miniature universe in
a very small point works
through a formula that everyone
you know it is the same emmeciquadro but what
it means em energy mass energy
matter and equivalence ok and with c
framework means that if it is concentrated
so much energy in a very small point
very empty is recreated the same
heat density situation of
temperature of physical conditions
of the universe its beginning that
spontaneously turns into
this happens 40 million times a
second
inside the lhc collider inside
of these detectors the energy from
clash of protons turns into
matter I said before without the boson
higgs without the higgs field nothing
it would exist and all that exists
it works, it exists thanks to interaction
with this field actually all that
that exists that we know
in the universe and only 5 percent of the
all the great mystery of physics of
today is dark matter a matter that
we know there is but absolutely not yes
see why we see I see you
because your photons hit mine
iris and my brain composes yours
image conversely the telescopes see
always for exchange of photons see one
much wider range a field much more
wide of what they can see i
our eyes all the spectrum
electromagnetic but always through
photons well, the photons have freed themselves
from primordial plasma to 300,000 years of
age of the universe and all that we
let’s see it works for the interaction
electromagnetic actually exists one
matter that is called obscure that
nothing dark emanates
cold but there is because the comments of
astrophysics confirm us that it must
there has also been calculated where it is
how much is 25 %
altogether we are 5 percent the
rest is completely unknown but we know
that there is dark matter from images
like this these are galaxies in
rotating the matter of which they are made
observable does not justify the speed
of their movement and there have been many
observations of this kind in which yes
see trajectories of stars and gods
planets deviated must be a mass
which makes him responsible for this
deviation
well, the most sensitive experiments to
world to find this dark matter
they are not far from here they are below
the cave of the great stone under the
rock 1,400 kilometers m
the national laboratories of the gran stone
there are two experiments that are the most
sensitive to the research world of
dark matter particles not yet
you find but very useful studies
facts have set limits
of the mass that should have the first
and xenon
we see it in this image
from the outside it is as tall as a palace of
about three floors and inside
contains this incredible tool is
a thermostat that virtually contains
liquid liquid xenon to keep it
liquid must be cooled at least
95 degrees and this material has the
particularity xenon this gas when
the liquid to be extremely dense
and have a chance to interact
with some particle of dark matter
that should detach from the rotation
of our galaxy the milky way e
which then shielded from the rock of the gran
stone comes pure to the instrument then
a passive observation tool
who is there waiting for this
interaction rare interaction
nice little but if it is discovered
it will certainly be a good thing because we would have
discovered 25 percent of which it is made
all together with xenon there is another one
experiment to the great stone that seeks
also dark matter is called dark
very similar side instead of xenon gas
uses liquid argon and together
they seek to pursue this dark matter
they have made many useful measures but not
again the discovery and I wish it
strongly because they deserve it
they are really extremely precise and
sensitive and are made from the minds
young people from all the countries of the world more
brilliant that there are in this field
of physics to the great stone there is also a
another borexin instrument instead of
results have already had so many
borexino we can also apply the
strong and kind logic seeks one
particle too very kind
the neutrino i is also very important
neutrinos in particular arriving from
center of the sun the neutrino one
particle so light that its
mass has not yet been measured but
so abundant that it is so good
travel at the speed of light from
depth of the cosmos that is
very important to study this
particle thought is generated
together with photons inside the center
of the sun which is a gigantic star
to the greatest of all ours
galaxy
and while photons to get to
surface of the sun only bring us
millions of years the neutrino from
center of the sun up to borexino puts us
8 milliseconds because it travels
undisturbed at the speed of light
so nothing can stop it
and it is clear that it is necessary to stop it
large masses like borexino with
inside a lot of material
gaseous liquid kept under pressure
with many photomultipliers who are hoping
to find that kind look that
rare interaction that the neutrino
could have with the gas and the atoms of the
gas contained within borexino e
when there is this interaction this gas
allows a spark it also creates a
electron together with the neutrino are
nuclear reactions that take place
at the same time for which i
photomultipliers hope to see
that spark have already seen
so many because borexino was the first
experiment to observe the flow of
to feed isolate directly and is
the first experiment was also
observe other very useful neutrinos
also to geophysics
antineutrinos that our earth itself
generates the so-called good geoneutrinos
I would like to end this trip on
butterfly wings of lawrence with the
field of science that closer to
lawrence that the science of the climate the
climatology with this image of
glaciers that we filmed together with
my partner last week in
arctic at svalbard I’m back to
Tuesday from this trip on the glaciers
of the svalbard a land that is at the
above the arctic polar circle a lot
closer to the north pole less than a thousand
kilometers compared to norway is one
earth that makes between 78 and 82
degrees north latitude covered to 92
percent from glaciers that glaciers
but like all the glaciers of ours
planet are in retraction which means
that they lose on the surface but in the Arctic
this effect is amplified
the arctic amplification once again
is due to slight gentle differences in
a complex system like the climate that
I cause potentially effects
catastrophic as the disappearance of all
the glaciers in arctic catastrophic lo
we can already understand the change
we feel it on all of us
days but the true consequences are
excessively catastrophic a
glacier that melts in the arctic
frees a surface that instead of
be white as it must be then
it no longer reflects the rays of the sun because
it is dark, not reflecting the rays of the sun
What happens to the surface heats up
warming up more
melt even more ice again
before it reforms and dissolves for
example the permafrost and therefore all one
series of systems including gas also of
waters are released and pour into
waters in the arctic where they are formed
major regulatory currents of the
our current climate of the hot and gulf
current of the Pacific and the Atlantic
north that cold the warm balance
cold of these currents is a parameter
fundamental regulator of our climate
because the heat exchange between the
surface for the water of the oceans and
the atmosphere is what regulates the
cloud formation and when this
balance is upset happen
return- type phenomena and rains
torrential also at latitudes where di
usually these phenomena are not seen
other serious consequence easily
imaginable from the dissolution of
these huge glaciers because the pole
north is not a land svalbard
of the last earth before the pole the pole
north and sea ice and sea
then dissolve if it melts and everything
that ice
clearly all of them rise up
oceans of the planet and the first thing a
disappear are cities like pescara city
coastal town of the coast ok and so
very large effects due to
very small differences so much difference
as small as those two degrees of
increase in average temperatures
global that we are with 160 countries of the
world busy to contain with measures
to be taken again in the conference on
paris 2 degree climate seem nothing
but from those two degrees, or rather, from a means
degree depends on the possibility for the
our species is used to all these
beautiful conditions of balance of
to survive
and then before this happens first
that all the ice melt
Arctic
I invite you to see them
watching them admire them all together
enjoy them with this very short film
and here I finish my presentation
[Applause]
[Music]
time
[Music]
[Music]
or
[Music]
a
[Music]
no
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