[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
in an ever-changing world it’s not just
on mindset political views or landscapes
which are changing even down to the most
minut detail our world is reshaping and
remodeling itself every second of every
day now this can be seen as very
beneficial such as the erosion of Sirach
to create beautiful artists to inspire
our artists however there is one group
of organisms which poses a great threat
to human life due to their ability to
evolve rapidly and adapt to change
bacterial drug resistance is
increasingly worrying scientists we as a
species have ingested so many
antibiotics in such a short amount of
time this is is predicted but by 2050
antimicrobial resistant infections will
be a greater killer than cancer YouGov
suggests that this will cost the world
sixty six trillion pounds so how do
antibiotics actually work well here’s a
generalized diagram of a bacterium cell
these are about one to five microns long
so that is about ten to a thousand times
smaller than a full stop so these are
very very small unicellular organisms so
they need to be protected from outsiders
and to be protected they have cell walls
and a capsule now what antibiotics do is
they penetrate this capsule and
disintegrate cell wall causing the
contents of the bacteria to splurge out
and causing the bacteria to die and this
is called lysis however antibiotics have
a very fast reproduction and thus
evolution rate in the time of for one
bacteria to become resistant nearly a
million will become immune to the
disease and
because they can evolve so quickly they
have three ways which they can exchange
genetic information to help them become
immune the first way is then a trance
formation so here the host cell which
contains the resistant gene releases its
DNA into the outside and a recipient
cell in the right state will uptake this
DNA and combine it with its own genetic
information this produces a genetic
alteration now this seems like quite a
simple process
however the recipient cell must be in
the exact state and the exact place in
the cell cycle for this to happen so
this doesn’t happen very often and it’s
not a very efficient way so a better way
what would a better way be well there is
the indirect transfer of genetic
information called transduction using
something called a bacteriophage which
is a specialized virus these father’s
inject
the host cell which contains the
resistant gene with viral DNA this then
breaks up the bacterial DNA combines
with it and forms lots and lots of
bacteria flashes inside it these
bacterial fighters also contains some of
the viral DNA when there are so many in
there that the pressure is too much they
burst out of the bacterial cell and one
of these viruses will contain the
resistant gene so later on this fires
will go along to another bacterial cell
and inject it with the resistance gene
and this gene is then combined with the
other DNA of the bacterium cell and now
this one is resistant this is again
quite a good way however it involves the
direct killing of one of that bacterium
cells so we need a way where both the
bacterial cells would be alive but also
the recipient cell doesn’t have to be in
a specialized state so the probably the
most important and significant way that
bacterium
transfer genetic information is through
plasmid exchange called conjugation here
the cell will have a hair like a pendant
on it that goes towards the recipient
cell and this plasmid which is a loop of
DNA which usually contains resistance
genes or unwind and unzip itself then
two strands will be formed one of the
strands will travel down the penis
toward the recipient cell then using
complementary base clearing the plasmids
will rejoin and there’ll be one in each
of the bacterium cells so now as you can
see both are resistant so this is bio
means the most effective way of genetic
transfer it’s not difficult for bacteria
to exchange information and if we don’t
start reducing our intake of antibiotics
and finding a new solution which
currently in 2013 stood at 21.5 out of a
thousand people and has risen six point
five percent in only the last four years
the repercussions will most likely be
catastrophic so how are we responding to
this information and these statistics
well doctors can prescribe different
types of antibiotics depending on the
bacterial infection that you have there
are usually two classes of bacteria
because bacteria have different types of
cell walls there is gram positive and
gram negative and they need to be
attacked in different ways
so antibiotics that attack gram positive
bacteria cell walls that need to attack
a very thick layer of a substance called
peptide o glycan whereas for
gram-negative only needs a thin layer of
peptidoglycan but you also have to
penetrate this Lippo polysaccharide
layer if you attack either that we run
positive of the gram negative with
antibiotics this is called
broad-spectrum antibiotics doctors can
also prescribe medium spectrum
antibiotics to attack a family of
bacteria or they can prescribe narrow
spectrum antibiotics which attacks one
single type of
Tirion but there is also other research
into how we can tackle bacterial
infections and this is through the
bacterial viruses I mentioned earlier
now there was bacteriophage research in
the 1900s in the former Soviet republic
of Georgia and in the 1920s and 30s they
were used to treat patients however back
then there was very little understanding
of viruses themselves and so for these
bacterial fighters they weren’t
understood as well as antibiotics were
and antibiotics were much more readily
available so all of this information was
forgotten until now scientists are now
genetically engineering these bacterial
forages to produce these enzymes which
they use to cause the cell to explode
after they’ve burst into them and other
ones that disintegrate the bio matrix
film and the different coatings for the
bacteriophage so they can ensure that
they’re killing the right bacteria false
research is extremely important and as
seen by the MRI say scares and the
recent resistance gene found to the
antibiotic of last resort the only
antibiotic we have found in the last few
years that seems to have no resistance
to it there seems to be nothing now that
could stop bacteria from causing loads
of pandemics or epidemics thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
you
[Applause]
[Music]
in an ever-changing world it’s not just
on mindset political views or landscapes
which are changing even down to the most
minut detail our world is reshaping and
remodeling itself every second of every
day now this can be seen as very
beneficial such as the erosion of Sirach
to create beautiful artists to inspire
our artists however there is one group
of organisms which poses a great threat
to human life due to their ability to
evolve rapidly and adapt to change
bacterial drug resistance is
increasingly worrying scientists we as a
species have ingested so many
antibiotics in such a short amount of
time this is is predicted but by 2050
antimicrobial resistant infections will
be a greater killer than cancer YouGov
suggests that this will cost the world
sixty six trillion pounds so how do
antibiotics actually work well here’s a
generalized diagram of a bacterium cell
these are about one to five microns long
so that is about ten to a thousand times
smaller than a full stop so these are
very very small unicellular organisms so
they need to be protected from outsiders
and to be protected they have cell walls
and a capsule now what antibiotics do is
they penetrate this capsule and
disintegrate cell wall causing the
contents of the bacteria to splurge out
and causing the bacteria to die and this
is called lysis however antibiotics have
a very fast reproduction and thus
evolution rate in the time of for one
bacteria to become resistant nearly a
million will become immune to the
disease and
because they can evolve so quickly they
have three ways which they can exchange
genetic information to help them become
immune the first way is then a trance
formation so here the host cell which
contains the resistant gene releases its
DNA into the outside and a recipient
cell in the right state will uptake this
DNA and combine it with its own genetic
information this produces a genetic
alteration now this seems like quite a
simple process
however the recipient cell must be in
the exact state and the exact place in
the cell cycle for this to happen so
this doesn’t happen very often and it’s
not a very efficient way so a better way
what would a better way be well there is
the indirect transfer of genetic
information called transduction using
something called a bacteriophage which
is a specialized virus these father’s
inject
the host cell which contains the
resistant gene with viral DNA this then
breaks up the bacterial DNA combines
with it and forms lots and lots of
bacteria flashes inside it these
bacterial fighters also contains some of
the viral DNA when there are so many in
there that the pressure is too much they
burst out of the bacterial cell and one
of these viruses will contain the
resistant gene so later on this fires
will go along to another bacterial cell
and inject it with the resistance gene
and this gene is then combined with the
other DNA of the bacterium cell and now
this one is resistant this is again
quite a good way however it involves the
direct killing of one of that bacterium
cells so we need a way where both the
bacterial cells would be alive but also
the recipient cell doesn’t have to be in
a specialized state so the probably the
most important and significant way that
bacterium
transfer genetic information is through
plasmid exchange called conjugation here
the cell will have a hair like a pendant
on it that goes towards the recipient
cell and this plasmid which is a loop of
DNA which usually contains resistance
genes or unwind and unzip itself then
two strands will be formed one of the
strands will travel down the penis
toward the recipient cell then using
complementary base clearing the plasmids
will rejoin and there’ll be one in each
of the bacterium cells so now as you can
see both are resistant so this is bio
means the most effective way of genetic
transfer it’s not difficult for bacteria
to exchange information and if we don’t
start reducing our intake of antibiotics
and finding a new solution which
currently in 2013 stood at 21.5 out of a
thousand people and has risen six point
five percent in only the last four years
the repercussions will most likely be
catastrophic so how are we responding to
this information and these statistics
well doctors can prescribe different
types of antibiotics depending on the
bacterial infection that you have there
are usually two classes of bacteria
because bacteria have different types of
cell walls there is gram positive and
gram negative and they need to be
attacked in different ways
so antibiotics that attack gram positive
bacteria cell walls that need to attack
a very thick layer of a substance called
peptide o glycan whereas for
gram-negative only needs a thin layer of
peptidoglycan but you also have to
penetrate this Lippo polysaccharide
layer if you attack either that we run
positive of the gram negative with
antibiotics this is called
broad-spectrum antibiotics doctors can
also prescribe medium spectrum
antibiotics to attack a family of
bacteria or they can prescribe narrow
spectrum antibiotics which attacks one
single type of
Tirion but there is also other research
into how we can tackle bacterial
infections and this is through the
bacterial viruses I mentioned earlier
now there was bacteriophage research in
the 1900s in the former Soviet republic
of Georgia and in the 1920s and 30s they
were used to treat patients however back
then there was very little understanding
of viruses themselves and so for these
bacterial fighters they weren’t
understood as well as antibiotics were
and antibiotics were much more readily
available so all of this information was
forgotten until now scientists are now
genetically engineering these bacterial
forages to produce these enzymes which
they use to cause the cell to explode
after they’ve burst into them and other
ones that disintegrate the bio matrix
film and the different coatings for the
bacteriophage so they can ensure that
they’re killing the right bacteria false
research is extremely important and as
seen by the MRI say scares and the
recent resistance gene found to the
antibiotic of last resort the only
antibiotic we have found in the last few
years that seems to have no resistance
to it there seems to be nothing now that
could stop bacteria from causing loads
of pandemics or epidemics thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
you
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