so I’m going to start with a quote from
Harry David Thoreau that said it’s not
what you look at that matters is what
you see and this question of what you
can and cannot see has been our minds
for a very long time in fact he’s
closely related with the world we live
in and with the scales that we deal with
and just to give you a perspective of
these scales I would like to invite you
to travel with me starting at the cosmic
horizon about 50 billion light years
from Earth and as you travel at the
speed of light through space that is at
300,000 kilometers per second we see a
bunch of things that you cannot imagine
we see superclass’s we see galaxies we
see stars some of them have been already
dead for a very long time we have seen
that planets we see comments yet these
distances from Earth we still don’t
really appreciate the dimensions of
these skills so we need to continue to
travel towards earth and eventually we
start with pass see the barrier the 5
light here we pass the barrier of one
light here on only when they are close
to our solar system we start to
appreciate what these skills mean so
when we get to the solar system and we
look at the Sun where the light takes
about eight minutes to travel to earth
or actually the moon where the light
takes on in one second to arrive and
then finally we are at our planet but
there is actually another scale a
completely different scale that you
probably have never heard of I have now
been seen and actually the small scale
at the small scale is the world is
completely different so if we zoom in
into our planet for example into the
city of Venice we start to see many
different things so if you zoom in you
can see for example a droplet of water
and inside that droplet there is
actually a bacteria and you can zoom
into the bacteria and you see DNA and we
can zoom into the DNA and you start to
see atoms
atoms vibrating in place at room
temperature but you can still zoom in
further and you actually side the atom
you see the light on cloud and at the
very center of the atom you see the
nucleus where you see protons neutrons
that you can still go further in and you
see quarks interestingly enough this
from the beginning of mankind we have
been interested in looking at the
universe and therefore we developed we
develop instruments like this first
telescope to understand the universe of
course nowadays we have a better one we
have the Hubble telescope that can
survey that can probe space and can take
beautiful images one of them is actually
shown here is called the pillars of
creation and this is where stars are
actually formed and the stars are an
interesting thing because they are like
nuclear reactors they actually during
their life they actually create chemical
elements like hydrogen and lithium and
helium but then at some point there is
so at some point these stars actually go
through a massive explosion and during
this explosion all the other chemical
elements are actually formed so
everything you have learned in school
which is actually shown in this is not
turning which is shown here which is the
periodic table everything you see there
was made by stars and so it’s not
surprising that if you look at our
chemical body yours and mine
we find very much the same thing the
same ingredients that you find all over
the universe so I can actually take from
my body I can feel a tank of hydrogen
I can feel a tank with oxygen I can
stack some calcium’s and phosphorus and
then you see a lot of elements there
from gold silver and even poisonous
elements like a Stanek inside our body
and in fact if you go to Wall Street and
try to sell this you get about 100
errors are we worth so little of course
not because it’s the proportion of these
atoms and the way these atoms are
arranged that allows us to think and
dream and walk so the question is how
small are these ingredients of life the
ones that be mentioning so just to give
you a perspective scale I’m going to
divide the scale in three sections at
macro scale so they have the human being
which is about two meters that is to
billions of a nanometer that’s the
things we see very well then you have
the micro scale that’s me pretty much
where we can see with our naked eye so
you can see the width of a human hair
which is about 80,000 nanometers and
then there is the other scale the nano
scale the very small scale you cannot
see with your eyes that goes down to
about the atomic scale so that brings us
into the Nano world and here the
interesting question from from Fineman
Richard Feynman was a physicists he won
the Nobel Prize and in 959 1959 yes this
in question can we write the 24 volumes
of encyclopedia on the head of a pin
that seems completely out of proportions
so we can do a bit of engineering if I
take a head of a pin which is just about
1.5 millimeters across and multiply by
25,000 times that gives me the pages of
the 24 volumes of a seka pedia so now I
can do a reverse engineering I can take
a single dot of that encyclopedia which
is about point two millimeters and
divide by 25,000 times that gives me
about 32 atoms so in other words if I
can write one dot of Encyclopedia with
32 atoms I can insert 24 volumes of
encyclopedia on the head of a pin and in
fact I can do much better today I can
write it at atomic level and you see
here the word Star Trek where every
single white dot that is there is a
single atom so that brings it into the
Nano age which asks the following
question what about if we could assemble
the basic ingredients of life that I’ve
been talking about the way the nature
does it which is atom by atom and
molecule by molecule now to give you an
example here’s two types of molecules a
green one and the pink one the pink one
doesn’t like the green one
he placed these molecules in a solution
don’t do absolutely anything and they
start rearranging of course the greens
like the greens so they start aligning
each other the greens don’t like the
pink so they push them away and you see
that by self-assembly without any kind
of human intervention
these films start forming these are
actually lipid films that we actually
have in our body and see this is called
self-assembly another example is shown
here if you have if you have carbon in
certain conditions you can make these
carbon nanotubes again completely by
self-assembly you don’t need any human
intervention and this self-assembly of
carbon nanotubes produces these very
remarkable structures
you can see one of them here taken with
the electron microscope and these are
have incredible properties about 30
times stronger than steel and with
electrical conductivities about 1
million times a typical copper we use in
our ads with this tubes we can do some
funny things for example you can see two
tubes connected by some ligands and you
can see they are speeding at about 70
gigahertz now to give you a perspective
of these rotations if you’re taking your
car at about 100 km/h the engine is
rotating about 3,000 rotations per
minute we are talking about here 70
billion rotations per second now with
that you can actually make devices so
with gears you can make motors and with
motors you can make devices and here’s
one that you can send into your blood
vein if you have some kind of illness
and these machines will go into the
blood veins for example in this case is
picking up cholesterol and so an
interesting question would be who is
controlling these machines because
they’re actually by the thousands inside
your body but this is kind of where
we’re having so this is kind of surgery
where the surgeon is inside your body
instead of having some kind of cutting
and doing things like that so the
question then is why isn’t how is not
nanotechnology shaping the world and
this is happening in three different
France first of all of course in the
digital domain the Internet of Things
where everything is connected and we’re
actually the objects become subjects and
to give you a perspective what happens
in 60 seconds the internet here for
example five hundred and twenty seven
thousand photos share here about 2.7
million visualizations in YouTube but
you have to understand that for this to
occur underlying technology is actually
silicon that is shown here so silicon is
a semiconductor
you have this wafer of silicon and now
you’re printing the circuits these are
actually the basis of all the
computation you see and all
digitalization these are the transistors
that would invent any 48 but now they
can be done at very very small scales in
three dimensions and in fact in a square
centimeter you can have about thirty
billion transistors that you have in a
single ship and this is actually just to
give you an idea of this so this is a
needle and you have all this technology
impregnated in your silicon this is
actually the base of all the
digitalization that is happening today
also in terms of materials there is new
materials that coming in this is
graphene for example a single layer of
carbon that actually very interesting
properties for example we will allow you
in the future to have flexible
electronics so you can look at your cell
phone in the future it will look like
that or because this graphene is
extremely strong you can make for
example aircrafts that look like that
so you might be scared or not but at
least you can look at the sky you can
see the clouds and these you have a much
more open situation and then but the
biological domain something is also
happening what are you seeing here is 3d
printing of human tissue
in fact muscle tissue in real time so we
are actually printing already human
tissue and of course after this is done
you have a bit of a muscle and the
muscle is actually showing you here and
of course as a muscle do it contracts so
this is actually a good example of 3d
printing in the biological arena so all
the time or technology is actually
promoting all these areas and so you may
ask now about the future there is of
course questions that are relevant are
we going to be more human-like or
machine-like are we going to be able to
do teleportation in other words I just
need to do a copy of someone and I
appear in Japan
of course are we going to have printed
cellphones and that’s going to be coming
soon and then maybe most disturbing is
the fact that we can genetically call
human beings and of course with that
there’s a lot of ethical questions that
come about that we need to understand
so before I finish and just to show you
the level of manipulation that we can do
nowadays at the atomic level I’m going
to show you a little movie from IBM
which is shown here it’s called a boy
and his item and each dot there is
actually a single atom perhaps you could
[Music]
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music] [Applause]
Harry David Thoreau that said it’s not
what you look at that matters is what
you see and this question of what you
can and cannot see has been our minds
for a very long time in fact he’s
closely related with the world we live
in and with the scales that we deal with
and just to give you a perspective of
these scales I would like to invite you
to travel with me starting at the cosmic
horizon about 50 billion light years
from Earth and as you travel at the
speed of light through space that is at
300,000 kilometers per second we see a
bunch of things that you cannot imagine
we see superclass’s we see galaxies we
see stars some of them have been already
dead for a very long time we have seen
that planets we see comments yet these
distances from Earth we still don’t
really appreciate the dimensions of
these skills so we need to continue to
travel towards earth and eventually we
start with pass see the barrier the 5
light here we pass the barrier of one
light here on only when they are close
to our solar system we start to
appreciate what these skills mean so
when we get to the solar system and we
look at the Sun where the light takes
about eight minutes to travel to earth
or actually the moon where the light
takes on in one second to arrive and
then finally we are at our planet but
there is actually another scale a
completely different scale that you
probably have never heard of I have now
been seen and actually the small scale
at the small scale is the world is
completely different so if we zoom in
into our planet for example into the
city of Venice we start to see many
different things so if you zoom in you
can see for example a droplet of water
and inside that droplet there is
actually a bacteria and you can zoom
into the bacteria and you see DNA and we
can zoom into the DNA and you start to
see atoms
atoms vibrating in place at room
temperature but you can still zoom in
further and you actually side the atom
you see the light on cloud and at the
very center of the atom you see the
nucleus where you see protons neutrons
that you can still go further in and you
see quarks interestingly enough this
from the beginning of mankind we have
been interested in looking at the
universe and therefore we developed we
develop instruments like this first
telescope to understand the universe of
course nowadays we have a better one we
have the Hubble telescope that can
survey that can probe space and can take
beautiful images one of them is actually
shown here is called the pillars of
creation and this is where stars are
actually formed and the stars are an
interesting thing because they are like
nuclear reactors they actually during
their life they actually create chemical
elements like hydrogen and lithium and
helium but then at some point there is
so at some point these stars actually go
through a massive explosion and during
this explosion all the other chemical
elements are actually formed so
everything you have learned in school
which is actually shown in this is not
turning which is shown here which is the
periodic table everything you see there
was made by stars and so it’s not
surprising that if you look at our
chemical body yours and mine
we find very much the same thing the
same ingredients that you find all over
the universe so I can actually take from
my body I can feel a tank of hydrogen
I can feel a tank with oxygen I can
stack some calcium’s and phosphorus and
then you see a lot of elements there
from gold silver and even poisonous
elements like a Stanek inside our body
and in fact if you go to Wall Street and
try to sell this you get about 100
errors are we worth so little of course
not because it’s the proportion of these
atoms and the way these atoms are
arranged that allows us to think and
dream and walk so the question is how
small are these ingredients of life the
ones that be mentioning so just to give
you a perspective scale I’m going to
divide the scale in three sections at
macro scale so they have the human being
which is about two meters that is to
billions of a nanometer that’s the
things we see very well then you have
the micro scale that’s me pretty much
where we can see with our naked eye so
you can see the width of a human hair
which is about 80,000 nanometers and
then there is the other scale the nano
scale the very small scale you cannot
see with your eyes that goes down to
about the atomic scale so that brings us
into the Nano world and here the
interesting question from from Fineman
Richard Feynman was a physicists he won
the Nobel Prize and in 959 1959 yes this
in question can we write the 24 volumes
of encyclopedia on the head of a pin
that seems completely out of proportions
so we can do a bit of engineering if I
take a head of a pin which is just about
1.5 millimeters across and multiply by
25,000 times that gives me the pages of
the 24 volumes of a seka pedia so now I
can do a reverse engineering I can take
a single dot of that encyclopedia which
is about point two millimeters and
divide by 25,000 times that gives me
about 32 atoms so in other words if I
can write one dot of Encyclopedia with
32 atoms I can insert 24 volumes of
encyclopedia on the head of a pin and in
fact I can do much better today I can
write it at atomic level and you see
here the word Star Trek where every
single white dot that is there is a
single atom so that brings it into the
Nano age which asks the following
question what about if we could assemble
the basic ingredients of life that I’ve
been talking about the way the nature
does it which is atom by atom and
molecule by molecule now to give you an
example here’s two types of molecules a
green one and the pink one the pink one
doesn’t like the green one
he placed these molecules in a solution
don’t do absolutely anything and they
start rearranging of course the greens
like the greens so they start aligning
each other the greens don’t like the
pink so they push them away and you see
that by self-assembly without any kind
of human intervention
these films start forming these are
actually lipid films that we actually
have in our body and see this is called
self-assembly another example is shown
here if you have if you have carbon in
certain conditions you can make these
carbon nanotubes again completely by
self-assembly you don’t need any human
intervention and this self-assembly of
carbon nanotubes produces these very
remarkable structures
you can see one of them here taken with
the electron microscope and these are
have incredible properties about 30
times stronger than steel and with
electrical conductivities about 1
million times a typical copper we use in
our ads with this tubes we can do some
funny things for example you can see two
tubes connected by some ligands and you
can see they are speeding at about 70
gigahertz now to give you a perspective
of these rotations if you’re taking your
car at about 100 km/h the engine is
rotating about 3,000 rotations per
minute we are talking about here 70
billion rotations per second now with
that you can actually make devices so
with gears you can make motors and with
motors you can make devices and here’s
one that you can send into your blood
vein if you have some kind of illness
and these machines will go into the
blood veins for example in this case is
picking up cholesterol and so an
interesting question would be who is
controlling these machines because
they’re actually by the thousands inside
your body but this is kind of where
we’re having so this is kind of surgery
where the surgeon is inside your body
instead of having some kind of cutting
and doing things like that so the
question then is why isn’t how is not
nanotechnology shaping the world and
this is happening in three different
France first of all of course in the
digital domain the Internet of Things
where everything is connected and we’re
actually the objects become subjects and
to give you a perspective what happens
in 60 seconds the internet here for
example five hundred and twenty seven
thousand photos share here about 2.7
million visualizations in YouTube but
you have to understand that for this to
occur underlying technology is actually
silicon that is shown here so silicon is
a semiconductor
you have this wafer of silicon and now
you’re printing the circuits these are
actually the basis of all the
computation you see and all
digitalization these are the transistors
that would invent any 48 but now they
can be done at very very small scales in
three dimensions and in fact in a square
centimeter you can have about thirty
billion transistors that you have in a
single ship and this is actually just to
give you an idea of this so this is a
needle and you have all this technology
impregnated in your silicon this is
actually the base of all the
digitalization that is happening today
also in terms of materials there is new
materials that coming in this is
graphene for example a single layer of
carbon that actually very interesting
properties for example we will allow you
in the future to have flexible
electronics so you can look at your cell
phone in the future it will look like
that or because this graphene is
extremely strong you can make for
example aircrafts that look like that
so you might be scared or not but at
least you can look at the sky you can
see the clouds and these you have a much
more open situation and then but the
biological domain something is also
happening what are you seeing here is 3d
printing of human tissue
in fact muscle tissue in real time so we
are actually printing already human
tissue and of course after this is done
you have a bit of a muscle and the
muscle is actually showing you here and
of course as a muscle do it contracts so
this is actually a good example of 3d
printing in the biological arena so all
the time or technology is actually
promoting all these areas and so you may
ask now about the future there is of
course questions that are relevant are
we going to be more human-like or
machine-like are we going to be able to
do teleportation in other words I just
need to do a copy of someone and I
appear in Japan
of course are we going to have printed
cellphones and that’s going to be coming
soon and then maybe most disturbing is
the fact that we can genetically call
human beings and of course with that
there’s a lot of ethical questions that
come about that we need to understand
so before I finish and just to show you
the level of manipulation that we can do
nowadays at the atomic level I’m going
to show you a little movie from IBM
which is shown here it’s called a boy
and his item and each dot there is
actually a single atom perhaps you could
[Music]
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
[Music] [Applause]
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