[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
the today’s our civilization let me call
it electronic civilization including our
mobile technology it is heavily relying
on the computers is it right you know
probably yes
the computers uses current electric
current to store the information and
then delivery their single bit of
information is stored on current here
current means that is a collection of
electrons so single bit of information
is represented by about like hundred
electrons and then we have to move these
hundred electrons through the conducting
wires to deliver the information and
through this delivery they will lose
their energies and then also if we
wanted to do some calculation to do the
function of computers we need switches
to control the flow of electrons to cut
it or to connect it this switch II is
now we call it transistors these
transistors was developed created by
physicists in 1940s and that technology
has been developed so well was an
animals and animals development of that
that sustains our development of their
electronic civilization if you look back
in 1970s the computers has 1,000
transistors inside 1000 switches to
control the electric current now
our computers every one of mobile phones
you have have CPU chips a computers
which contains twenty billion
transistors say this number twenty
billion
sisters are not tiny tiny space actually
the area of this CPU is just the size of
the pencil tip so now the current
technology for example Samsung have can
put 20 billions of transistors on a
pencil tip isn’t it amazing it’s totally
amazing things could you sustain our
everyday life but let me ask you one
question here how far we can go to make
smaller and smaller transistors to put
them more and more of them into a small
space how can you go further how small
can you make a transistor is there any
limit for this can we always get faster
and faster computers with more and more
transistors smaller and smaller
transistors is this right can you make
there’s any limit on that this is my
first question to you of course
certainly there is limited the limit can
be something like that definitely a
single item the transistor cannot be
smaller than a single atom this is a
single atom transistor the thought in
the center is the single post per atoms
on silicon vapors that act like a
transistors death should be the definite
limit but in order to make a reliable
transistors the size should be even
bigger so the size of the smallest
transistor that can be fabricated
through the current device technology
can be about the size of 10 items this
is a three nanometers this one is 0.3
nanometers the crisis exists here it
means that
their limit of the our current device
technology will come to us very soon
because their current devices which is
already on the market the high-end
market has the size of only 10
nanometers there is a legend on the
market the under limit which we will
face is 3 nanometers so Samsung last
year announced that they can develop
eight nanometer devices six nanometer
devices and four nanometer devices and
then that’s all that’s the end of the
road for the silicon technology it means
that our current silicon device
technology which sustained our
civilization will end on within ten
years is that sounds horrible to us
it’s a horrible crisis of our electronic
anticipated during less – decays so many
people many scientists and many
engineers wanted to solve this issue but
still we don’t have any clear answer to
this they are a problem if our devices
transistor becomes smaller and smaller
it will generate more and more heat it
will waste more and more energy because
we have a put this 100 electrons of
single bead into a very very tiny wires
it means that it will scatter with many
many electrons within this wire it means
that we will have more and more
resistance which waste our energy into
heat so our devices when it becomes
faster and faster and smaller and
smaller it will consume more and more
energy and that’s our everyday pain
because we need batteries to support
this so we have to carry our extra
batteries and this problem becomes more
and more serious we have a huge problem
this energy dissipation
and then also the fundamental limit of
current silicon device technology so we
have go back to the Revolutionary times
the transistor was invented by
physicists so scientists have to invent
again the technology which will solve
this crisis so I would like to have this
kind of devices the size is about one
nanometers this is like three item size
and then I would like to have a
information carrier not the 100
electrons which interact strongly with
the surrounding environment to dissipate
its energy I would like to have some
information carrier which is very small
but still does not interact with the
surrounding and not dissipate it energy
through heat it means that we have a
protected carrier of information which
does not undergo any interaction with
the surrounding at least with
surrounding electrons that’s the goal
but I have during last 10 years and then
I would like to learn from our mother
nature to get the hint to serve these
questions that mother nature comes from
a very different aspect this is a
tsunami wave when you have earthquake in
Japan sometimes that always escape
generate tsunami wave and this tsunami
wave normally when we have any water
wave in our swimming pool or in ocean
then this wave will decay very quickly
and we cannot send this order wave a
long distance but exceptionally when
tsunami wave is created it can travel
5,000 kilometers from Japan to
California Beach it’s exceptional and
unusual but there is such phenomena this
phenomena is what physicists call
solitons you can create for any
we’ve media in a very special condition
tsunami way you can create tsunami wave
and this tsunami wave can travel long
distance without losing its energy and
its amplitude this phenomena has been
exploited greatly in optical
communication technology because in
optics the light wave traveled through
optical fibers this optical fiber is a
wave media like the waters in the ocean
you can also create very special wave
which we call soliton soliton of light
and this soliton tsunami wave of light
can travel a long distance through this
optical fiber as only as 1990s engineers
and scientists already have demonstrated
that this optical soliton or tsunami of
light can travel fourteen thousand
kilometres this well-established
technology but what i would like to make
is that i wanted to make soliton wave on
our electronic computer chips solitons
of electron wave then it will not
dissipate its energy can travel without
generating heat so we can solve one
problem at least and there our problem
is that we want to make this one very
small one nanometer science if we have
solid tone of electrons size one
nanometers then it can travel without
losing its energy through the heat so we
solve two problems at the same time
smaller devices tend the current limiter
of the silicon technology and then their
information is delivered without heat
loss so what we do what we found is that
we can first start with silicon wafers
and when we prepared metal items single
layers of metal atoms and at certain
condition they will make wires looks
like that actually
this wire is composed of four elements
in this and these wires can generate
solitons like this for example let’s
assume that you have single chain of
atoms on top there and then less parrot
dimerize it dimerize dimerize dimerize
perfectly dimerized
and each atom has one electrons then
these electrons when they dimerized two
electrons pairs
so they becomes very stable single
unpaired electrons is unstable and let’s
make a defect which is unpaired atoms on
dimerize datum then the electrons there
is unpaired and it’s unstable and you
wanted to move and the way of a move of
this electron is that you have to make
the neighboring timers to be under my
eyes and then dimerize again and then on
dimerize dimerize the game on dimerize
dimerize again with this way is unpaired
electrons will be toast to the next site
and the next design the next site the
air on doesn’t move at all just dimerize
and then on dimerize but through this
time arises and on dimerization this
unpaired electrons is moving this is the
soliton wave of electrons so basically
you paired all this atom leave one atom
unpaired you can also do more complex
way you can pair four atoms for Aram’s
four arms together and then you can make
three different kinds of salute on one
atom unpaired and two atoms unpaired and
Sriram’s unpaired or you can put two
chains of atoms together dimerize it
obtain down chain dimerize it and then
leave some on third Aram’s unpaired
electrons the red atoms or red car
with electrons three different kinds of
stuff this has important consequence
because these electrons now can travel
without losing its energy and it’s very
small of course this is single item size
is about one nanometer and when we have
all these paired atoms and the stress
single unpaired electron which is
electronic soliton it will not interact
with other electrons which are all
paired so they will not lose their
energy through the dissipation so we
have electron solitons which can travel
long distance without losing its energy
and of course which is very small atomic
size but you have to discover it not in
your mother but in the real system
that’s what we do and we prepared such a
system and then with a special
microscope which can see really the
atoms which we call scanning tunneling
microscope we could observe these three
different kinds of solitons on silicon
wafers and they can do perugia not only
delivering three different kinds of
information we can do operation we can
do simple math at least we can add it up
if I add one such defect to the other
one then you’ll becomes the second type
of defect it’s something like that
let’s fix one defect just single one
unpaired electrons and then I prepared
the other one with two atoms on third
and then I move it and then collided
then they will collide to become three
unpaired atoms or three unpaired
electrons then it changes from a type
and B type and collide they added to
become type three tests the mathematics
we are adding one to two to become three
very simple but since we have only one
two three adding three
with one becomes just 0 and the adding 3
with 2 becomes 5 about 5 does not exist
well there’s a 5 on 3rd item then 4 of
them can be paired again because we
paired 4 of them then 1 is just left so
3 plus 2 is 1 so you can do this mess
cotton re digit mess this is important
and the we can also observe this
exponentially first I prepared one type
of solitons that I watched it with the
spectroscopy which gives some signal at
this energy scale 0.2 volt red colored
one and then from time to time they
jumped down to the other state at 0.4
port which is another type of solitons
during this each event opened down the
other types of soliton moves and collide
with this one so for example we start
from 3 we add 2 and it becomes 1 and if
we I start from 1 I can add another
soliton 2 and in becomes 3 so we do mass
normally if we wanted to do this mass
with transistors you need very very
complicated structure well here you
don’t need any such structures to do the
mass or the operation or in a more
general way this is kind of information
processing I said it in a very brief way
but what I said is we have very small
information carrier just 1 nanometer
sized or even smaller which is highly
mobile
actually this solitons can move around
very fast and they are protected
they will not undergo scattering they
will not dissipate their energies
through the heat because all other
electrons around it is paired and we
have only one unpaired electron this is
solid to me and it has quaternary digit
and we can do operation without any
devices structures because the operation
can be just done by adding this to
information carrier to make another one
so instead of having a single digit of
information stored and processed with
hundreds of electrons which interact
surroundings dissipating energy through
heat we have now three different types
of information carrier which is
protected does not dissipate energy and
then we can also do the operation with
this I’m not sure how much we can go
further to control and manipulate these
solitons within silicon substrate but at
least this give you the hint that
scientists may save our electronic
civilization from its own crisis which
is based on their silicon technology let
me remind you this one person a great
pioneer it’s Korean actually all over
your computer CPU is based on CMOS
technology it’s special types of
transistors and all of our memory on
your mobile phone is based with floating
gate memory these CMOS and floating gate
memory you know it was invented by a
Korean scientists tarancón these two
fundamental technology which we are
everyday using is invented by a
physicist Korean physicist so there is
limit up the science there’s limit of
technology but this limit of technology
and this limit of science will be
overcomed by great scientists with great
ideas great insight as one of our Korean
scientists tarancón invented similar and
protein gate memories so young people
here I would like to encourage you to do
have your own ideas
and great vision and courage to solve
our crisis thank you very much for your
attention [Applause]
[Applause]
[Music]
the today’s our civilization let me call
it electronic civilization including our
mobile technology it is heavily relying
on the computers is it right you know
probably yes
the computers uses current electric
current to store the information and
then delivery their single bit of
information is stored on current here
current means that is a collection of
electrons so single bit of information
is represented by about like hundred
electrons and then we have to move these
hundred electrons through the conducting
wires to deliver the information and
through this delivery they will lose
their energies and then also if we
wanted to do some calculation to do the
function of computers we need switches
to control the flow of electrons to cut
it or to connect it this switch II is
now we call it transistors these
transistors was developed created by
physicists in 1940s and that technology
has been developed so well was an
animals and animals development of that
that sustains our development of their
electronic civilization if you look back
in 1970s the computers has 1,000
transistors inside 1000 switches to
control the electric current now
our computers every one of mobile phones
you have have CPU chips a computers
which contains twenty billion
transistors say this number twenty
billion
sisters are not tiny tiny space actually
the area of this CPU is just the size of
the pencil tip so now the current
technology for example Samsung have can
put 20 billions of transistors on a
pencil tip isn’t it amazing it’s totally
amazing things could you sustain our
everyday life but let me ask you one
question here how far we can go to make
smaller and smaller transistors to put
them more and more of them into a small
space how can you go further how small
can you make a transistor is there any
limit for this can we always get faster
and faster computers with more and more
transistors smaller and smaller
transistors is this right can you make
there’s any limit on that this is my
first question to you of course
certainly there is limited the limit can
be something like that definitely a
single item the transistor cannot be
smaller than a single atom this is a
single atom transistor the thought in
the center is the single post per atoms
on silicon vapors that act like a
transistors death should be the definite
limit but in order to make a reliable
transistors the size should be even
bigger so the size of the smallest
transistor that can be fabricated
through the current device technology
can be about the size of 10 items this
is a three nanometers this one is 0.3
nanometers the crisis exists here it
means that
their limit of the our current device
technology will come to us very soon
because their current devices which is
already on the market the high-end
market has the size of only 10
nanometers there is a legend on the
market the under limit which we will
face is 3 nanometers so Samsung last
year announced that they can develop
eight nanometer devices six nanometer
devices and four nanometer devices and
then that’s all that’s the end of the
road for the silicon technology it means
that our current silicon device
technology which sustained our
civilization will end on within ten
years is that sounds horrible to us
it’s a horrible crisis of our electronic
anticipated during less – decays so many
people many scientists and many
engineers wanted to solve this issue but
still we don’t have any clear answer to
this they are a problem if our devices
transistor becomes smaller and smaller
it will generate more and more heat it
will waste more and more energy because
we have a put this 100 electrons of
single bead into a very very tiny wires
it means that it will scatter with many
many electrons within this wire it means
that we will have more and more
resistance which waste our energy into
heat so our devices when it becomes
faster and faster and smaller and
smaller it will consume more and more
energy and that’s our everyday pain
because we need batteries to support
this so we have to carry our extra
batteries and this problem becomes more
and more serious we have a huge problem
this energy dissipation
and then also the fundamental limit of
current silicon device technology so we
have go back to the Revolutionary times
the transistor was invented by
physicists so scientists have to invent
again the technology which will solve
this crisis so I would like to have this
kind of devices the size is about one
nanometers this is like three item size
and then I would like to have a
information carrier not the 100
electrons which interact strongly with
the surrounding environment to dissipate
its energy I would like to have some
information carrier which is very small
but still does not interact with the
surrounding and not dissipate it energy
through heat it means that we have a
protected carrier of information which
does not undergo any interaction with
the surrounding at least with
surrounding electrons that’s the goal
but I have during last 10 years and then
I would like to learn from our mother
nature to get the hint to serve these
questions that mother nature comes from
a very different aspect this is a
tsunami wave when you have earthquake in
Japan sometimes that always escape
generate tsunami wave and this tsunami
wave normally when we have any water
wave in our swimming pool or in ocean
then this wave will decay very quickly
and we cannot send this order wave a
long distance but exceptionally when
tsunami wave is created it can travel
5,000 kilometers from Japan to
California Beach it’s exceptional and
unusual but there is such phenomena this
phenomena is what physicists call
solitons you can create for any
we’ve media in a very special condition
tsunami way you can create tsunami wave
and this tsunami wave can travel long
distance without losing its energy and
its amplitude this phenomena has been
exploited greatly in optical
communication technology because in
optics the light wave traveled through
optical fibers this optical fiber is a
wave media like the waters in the ocean
you can also create very special wave
which we call soliton soliton of light
and this soliton tsunami wave of light
can travel a long distance through this
optical fiber as only as 1990s engineers
and scientists already have demonstrated
that this optical soliton or tsunami of
light can travel fourteen thousand
kilometres this well-established
technology but what i would like to make
is that i wanted to make soliton wave on
our electronic computer chips solitons
of electron wave then it will not
dissipate its energy can travel without
generating heat so we can solve one
problem at least and there our problem
is that we want to make this one very
small one nanometer science if we have
solid tone of electrons size one
nanometers then it can travel without
losing its energy through the heat so we
solve two problems at the same time
smaller devices tend the current limiter
of the silicon technology and then their
information is delivered without heat
loss so what we do what we found is that
we can first start with silicon wafers
and when we prepared metal items single
layers of metal atoms and at certain
condition they will make wires looks
like that actually
this wire is composed of four elements
in this and these wires can generate
solitons like this for example let’s
assume that you have single chain of
atoms on top there and then less parrot
dimerize it dimerize dimerize dimerize
perfectly dimerized
and each atom has one electrons then
these electrons when they dimerized two
electrons pairs
so they becomes very stable single
unpaired electrons is unstable and let’s
make a defect which is unpaired atoms on
dimerize datum then the electrons there
is unpaired and it’s unstable and you
wanted to move and the way of a move of
this electron is that you have to make
the neighboring timers to be under my
eyes and then dimerize again and then on
dimerize dimerize the game on dimerize
dimerize again with this way is unpaired
electrons will be toast to the next site
and the next design the next site the
air on doesn’t move at all just dimerize
and then on dimerize but through this
time arises and on dimerization this
unpaired electrons is moving this is the
soliton wave of electrons so basically
you paired all this atom leave one atom
unpaired you can also do more complex
way you can pair four atoms for Aram’s
four arms together and then you can make
three different kinds of salute on one
atom unpaired and two atoms unpaired and
Sriram’s unpaired or you can put two
chains of atoms together dimerize it
obtain down chain dimerize it and then
leave some on third Aram’s unpaired
electrons the red atoms or red car
with electrons three different kinds of
stuff this has important consequence
because these electrons now can travel
without losing its energy and it’s very
small of course this is single item size
is about one nanometer and when we have
all these paired atoms and the stress
single unpaired electron which is
electronic soliton it will not interact
with other electrons which are all
paired so they will not lose their
energy through the dissipation so we
have electron solitons which can travel
long distance without losing its energy
and of course which is very small atomic
size but you have to discover it not in
your mother but in the real system
that’s what we do and we prepared such a
system and then with a special
microscope which can see really the
atoms which we call scanning tunneling
microscope we could observe these three
different kinds of solitons on silicon
wafers and they can do perugia not only
delivering three different kinds of
information we can do operation we can
do simple math at least we can add it up
if I add one such defect to the other
one then you’ll becomes the second type
of defect it’s something like that
let’s fix one defect just single one
unpaired electrons and then I prepared
the other one with two atoms on third
and then I move it and then collided
then they will collide to become three
unpaired atoms or three unpaired
electrons then it changes from a type
and B type and collide they added to
become type three tests the mathematics
we are adding one to two to become three
very simple but since we have only one
two three adding three
with one becomes just 0 and the adding 3
with 2 becomes 5 about 5 does not exist
well there’s a 5 on 3rd item then 4 of
them can be paired again because we
paired 4 of them then 1 is just left so
3 plus 2 is 1 so you can do this mess
cotton re digit mess this is important
and the we can also observe this
exponentially first I prepared one type
of solitons that I watched it with the
spectroscopy which gives some signal at
this energy scale 0.2 volt red colored
one and then from time to time they
jumped down to the other state at 0.4
port which is another type of solitons
during this each event opened down the
other types of soliton moves and collide
with this one so for example we start
from 3 we add 2 and it becomes 1 and if
we I start from 1 I can add another
soliton 2 and in becomes 3 so we do mass
normally if we wanted to do this mass
with transistors you need very very
complicated structure well here you
don’t need any such structures to do the
mass or the operation or in a more
general way this is kind of information
processing I said it in a very brief way
but what I said is we have very small
information carrier just 1 nanometer
sized or even smaller which is highly
mobile
actually this solitons can move around
very fast and they are protected
they will not undergo scattering they
will not dissipate their energies
through the heat because all other
electrons around it is paired and we
have only one unpaired electron this is
solid to me and it has quaternary digit
and we can do operation without any
devices structures because the operation
can be just done by adding this to
information carrier to make another one
so instead of having a single digit of
information stored and processed with
hundreds of electrons which interact
surroundings dissipating energy through
heat we have now three different types
of information carrier which is
protected does not dissipate energy and
then we can also do the operation with
this I’m not sure how much we can go
further to control and manipulate these
solitons within silicon substrate but at
least this give you the hint that
scientists may save our electronic
civilization from its own crisis which
is based on their silicon technology let
me remind you this one person a great
pioneer it’s Korean actually all over
your computer CPU is based on CMOS
technology it’s special types of
transistors and all of our memory on
your mobile phone is based with floating
gate memory these CMOS and floating gate
memory you know it was invented by a
Korean scientists tarancón these two
fundamental technology which we are
everyday using is invented by a
physicist Korean physicist so there is
limit up the science there’s limit of
technology but this limit of technology
and this limit of science will be
overcomed by great scientists with great
ideas great insight as one of our Korean
scientists tarancón invented similar and
protein gate memories so young people
here I would like to encourage you to do
have your own ideas
and great vision and courage to solve
our crisis thank you very much for your
attention [Applause]
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