[Music]
what do they imagine when
they listen to the news that has
found a world like the earth
surely they think of blue landscapes and
greens on beaches bathed by oceans that
they get lost on the horizon in an air
warm and breathable many people have
imagined habitable worlds my favorite
it’s lacquer course lewin she was the
science fiction writer who a
difference from most of its
contemporaries in the seventies
imagined worlds not based on science
and technology but in supposing
different ways of organizing the
society for example in his novel the
dispossessed she speaks of two planets
moorings and anal burress is a world
as the land rich in resources
natural but that are used to
the privilege of a few people
there women can not study and in
general have no right to decide
about their lives
burress instead is a society
anarchist
where the property does not exist or
even in the words there is not my house
to my girlfriend my family everything is
community is a world where
resources are very scarce but all the
people men and women alike
they work to survive in this world
in another novel called the left hand
of obscurity ursula poses us a
planet called stay where they see the
people do not have characteristics
secondary sexes that means that
people are not men and women
every three weeks for a few days
people become men or
women indistinctly only for
procreate the rest of the time that does not
happens nobody is man or woman in that
world the genitals do not define nor the
destination or the role of people in the
society
just like to bours hi I too
work with habitable worlds
I am an astrobiologist the astrobiologists
we study the origin evolution and
distribution of life in the universe and
also like úrsula we use a
the earth as our example of the world
habitable for example cattle like the
earth that is a kind of semi
desert and stay is an icy planet
what it is like to live on a glacier in the pole
south or in the north pole
besides the worlds ursula people
because they are all humanoids are very
similar to humans in my case
I use this planet to understand
how is a habitable planet and what
makes other planets different from ours
planet is a terrestrial planet like
mercury venus and mars
all these worlds have things in common
they have an iron core and a mantle and
silicate bark the silicates are
silicon and oxygen combined with
elements such as magnesium or iron and
It does what all the rocks are made of
terrestrial
so these planets are basically
land may seem to us that the earth
it’s different because it has water but if
we collect all the water that has the
land both inside it and in its
surface is symbolized in that drop
who see water there on earth is
less than 1 percent of its mass
then when the scientists
that we do astrobiology we talk about
planets like the earth we do not think about
habitable worlds we are thinking about
stones that are more or less the size
or the mass of the earth our planet
has not always been the same emerged
4,500 million years ago at that time
the moon was closer, the
oceans and the atmosphere from the
emanations of the volcanoes the atmosphere
it was carbon dioxide and nitrogen
3,500 million years ago arises
life and among all organisms arise
the cyanobacteria photosynthetic beings
who use that dioxide
and water from the atmosphere and light to make
your food and discard oxygen like this
bacteria change the atmosphere of the
land that is what we breathe today in
day that has 21 percent oxygen
beyond the solar system
we have between 100,000 million and 400,000
millions of stars in the galaxy
we are still not sure of the account
the fact is that there are many stars
and around them there are also
planets we call them exoplanets or
extrasolar planets until now
we have detected about 4000 of
they some are things like those that already
we have imagined in science fiction
for example a planet that rotates
around stars as it is in which
was born the jedi who sees two suns in his
planet there are other worlds that look like
for example to the planets of the system
solar like jupiter but instead they ‘re
away from your star are very close and
then they evaporate leaving behind
a gas queue and there are others that do not
exist in our solar system
planets that are bigger than the
earth but smaller than neptune the
smaller than neptune that are
similar in their structure he
we call mini neptunes and those that are
like the earth but bigger they
we call super land have no powers
they do not have captain or else they are stones
winning all and unlike the
Earth would not have dioxide atmospheres
of carbon like other planets
terrestrial Mars venus the earth in its
beginnings these would have atmospheres made
of hydrogen there are other worlds that would be
literally planets ocean where
there really would be a lot of water we are
talking about 10 20 30 50 percent of
the entire mass of the planet in water
the question is which of those worlds
could be habitable well let’s
return us to the earth because first
we have to understand the example of life
that we have on earth that is the only
that we have up to now all of life in
the earth is made by the chemistry of
carbon carbon is the fourth element
most abundant of the universe or not
we are made of absolutely nothing
special the carbon has if it has something
special and is that you can join up
with four elements at the same time
including himself in a way that
can generate molecules more and more and
bigger than you can even
reproduce between them so that those
molecules move and they are and
can form more and more structures
large you need a liquid that in the
case of the earth is water then
when we who do astrobiology
we talk about life as the earth because what
that we are talking about or life as the
we know what we are talking about is life
based on carbon and water
liquid and not humanoid beings with
antennas
Now you could say that maybe you do not know
something else happened to us that life could
be something different special that is not
it happens to us good actually our
choice of carbon and water not only
it has to do with life on earth
it also has to do with what happens
in this places
this is a molecular cloud are areas in
where the stars leave their materials
after its last phases of
evolution and are composed of two
things one is a microscopic powder like
this one that is made of silicates
of the same thing that the
terrestrial planets the other component
gas is the most important component of
gas because it is hydrogen but it is followed by
carbon monoxide the water vapor and
organic material
we have detected at least 200
molecules of organic materials there
like sugars alcohols and some things
called fullerenes that are molecules
up to 60 or 70 carbon atoms
what happens in those clouds is that
certain sections are collapsed by their
own weight and then they form
structures like this are called discs
protoplanetaries in the center that
little red light that you can see is
a star in formation and the disk
formed of dust and gas there are going to
start to form the planets what
happens is that the gas starts to
conglomerar already form structures
getting bigger and bigger until it
they form planets so the history of
formation of stars and planets
tells us that in these places there are these
two materials that we consider
important for life water and carbon
as carbon is very abundant we are going to
suppose that in general it will be
present on all the planets but the
Liquid water is another story in
principle if we think how are we going to have
liquid water because it is temperature and
pressure we need the
warm to have water without
that freezes not so hot
as to evaporate and this in the
case of the planets the temperature will
we owe it to the stars then in
the case of the land for example
if we considered only the
radiation that receives from its star the
average temperature of the earth would be
of 20 degrees centigrade under being the
reason why our planet is at
15 degrees centigrade on zero in
average
because our atmosphere has gases of
greenhouse gases are the gases of
greenhouse effect those who do
habitable to this planet clear that if
you have too many gases of effect
greenhouse and you are very close to your
star as happened to Venus then
the water is going to evaporate and it’s going to
escape into space in Venus the
temperature is 470 degrees centigrade
because it has an atmosphere 90 times more
big that the earth another case is
that of Mars Mars in fact if I had
an atmosphere of carbon dioxide
much denser would be a livable world
but it is unable to retain its atmosphere
because it ‘s a very small world so
that does not have the effect gases
greenhouse to be habitable then
with all this we build a
a concept that we call the area
habitat the habitable zone is a region
around a star where a
rocky planet with an atmosphere of
carbon dioxide and nitrogen can
keep liquid water on your
surface notice that I have to have
all those elements to be able to have a
potentially habitable planet and these
they are not habitable worlds for beings
humans because they are worlds with atmospheres
of unbreathable carbon dioxide for
human beings until now we have
a handful of planets that we have chosen
as potentially habitable are
worlds that are in the habitable zone of
your star calculated from
models and from the worlds we know their mass
or your radio on some occasions both
things but we do not know if they have water and
we do not know if they have an atmosphere
the idea is that right now we have a
generation of instruments as a test and
gaia that have the ability to detect
many exoplanets
in the future we will have missions like
the telescope james webb the telescope
space james webb with which we are going to
be able to detect the atmospheres of those
potentially habitable planets
our idea is that it is very possible that
the microscopic life has contaminated
that planet with its products with its
production as they did the healthy
bacteria with the earth so that
we could detect with a
telescope the biological activity of
microscopic beings we are before one of
the great experiments that is
making humanity for the first time
We can answer the question of whether it is
if indeed life is common
in the universe or is something very particular
that only happened on earth by
soon this is the only planet
habitable that we have there is no second
land where are we going to run when
let’s lose this and in fact neither
is that we are going to spoil them
I will predict the future the luminosity
of the sun you are increasing slowly
and the oceans are going to evaporate and in about
100 million years or so all
the oceans of the earth will have
evaporated completely in five thousand
millions of years the sun is going to
turn the sun into a red giant
land will stay inside the
atmosphere of the sun was going to be a speck of
dust that evaporates in space
we will end life on earth
before that, we ‘re not going to end the
life on earth life on earth
takes 3,500 million years here and the
Most microorganisms are these
microorganisms have weathered frost
have withstood stones from space have
weathered changes in the atmosphere not
let’s end life on earth
what we’re going to end up with is the
conditions that sustain the
human life there where you see
contamination microorganisms see
perfect places to survive like this
that when I think of worlds
habitable I think about a sula I think about
that world is where the resources will be
so few and all people
they worked to survive in that
world where men and women
they were the same I think of a world like
heaven where the genitals do not define
the destiny of the people I think of a
world where half the population is
respected as the other half
only by its merits where the
women
We are not incubators or serve for
the pleasure of other people I think of
a world where we can love
travel enjoy without being murdered
for being women while we walk towards
the extinction
I would like us to think about how
build a livable world for
US
[Applause]
[Music]
what do they imagine when
they listen to the news that has
found a world like the earth
surely they think of blue landscapes and
greens on beaches bathed by oceans that
they get lost on the horizon in an air
warm and breathable many people have
imagined habitable worlds my favorite
it’s lacquer course lewin she was the
science fiction writer who a
difference from most of its
contemporaries in the seventies
imagined worlds not based on science
and technology but in supposing
different ways of organizing the
society for example in his novel the
dispossessed she speaks of two planets
moorings and anal burress is a world
as the land rich in resources
natural but that are used to
the privilege of a few people
there women can not study and in
general have no right to decide
about their lives
burress instead is a society
anarchist
where the property does not exist or
even in the words there is not my house
to my girlfriend my family everything is
community is a world where
resources are very scarce but all the
people men and women alike
they work to survive in this world
in another novel called the left hand
of obscurity ursula poses us a
planet called stay where they see the
people do not have characteristics
secondary sexes that means that
people are not men and women
every three weeks for a few days
people become men or
women indistinctly only for
procreate the rest of the time that does not
happens nobody is man or woman in that
world the genitals do not define nor the
destination or the role of people in the
society
just like to bours hi I too
work with habitable worlds
I am an astrobiologist the astrobiologists
we study the origin evolution and
distribution of life in the universe and
also like úrsula we use a
the earth as our example of the world
habitable for example cattle like the
earth that is a kind of semi
desert and stay is an icy planet
what it is like to live on a glacier in the pole
south or in the north pole
besides the worlds ursula people
because they are all humanoids are very
similar to humans in my case
I use this planet to understand
how is a habitable planet and what
makes other planets different from ours
planet is a terrestrial planet like
mercury venus and mars
all these worlds have things in common
they have an iron core and a mantle and
silicate bark the silicates are
silicon and oxygen combined with
elements such as magnesium or iron and
It does what all the rocks are made of
terrestrial
so these planets are basically
land may seem to us that the earth
it’s different because it has water but if
we collect all the water that has the
land both inside it and in its
surface is symbolized in that drop
who see water there on earth is
less than 1 percent of its mass
then when the scientists
that we do astrobiology we talk about
planets like the earth we do not think about
habitable worlds we are thinking about
stones that are more or less the size
or the mass of the earth our planet
has not always been the same emerged
4,500 million years ago at that time
the moon was closer, the
oceans and the atmosphere from the
emanations of the volcanoes the atmosphere
it was carbon dioxide and nitrogen
3,500 million years ago arises
life and among all organisms arise
the cyanobacteria photosynthetic beings
who use that dioxide
and water from the atmosphere and light to make
your food and discard oxygen like this
bacteria change the atmosphere of the
land that is what we breathe today in
day that has 21 percent oxygen
beyond the solar system
we have between 100,000 million and 400,000
millions of stars in the galaxy
we are still not sure of the account
the fact is that there are many stars
and around them there are also
planets we call them exoplanets or
extrasolar planets until now
we have detected about 4000 of
they some are things like those that already
we have imagined in science fiction
for example a planet that rotates
around stars as it is in which
was born the jedi who sees two suns in his
planet there are other worlds that look like
for example to the planets of the system
solar like jupiter but instead they ‘re
away from your star are very close and
then they evaporate leaving behind
a gas queue and there are others that do not
exist in our solar system
planets that are bigger than the
earth but smaller than neptune the
smaller than neptune that are
similar in their structure he
we call mini neptunes and those that are
like the earth but bigger they
we call super land have no powers
they do not have captain or else they are stones
winning all and unlike the
Earth would not have dioxide atmospheres
of carbon like other planets
terrestrial Mars venus the earth in its
beginnings these would have atmospheres made
of hydrogen there are other worlds that would be
literally planets ocean where
there really would be a lot of water we are
talking about 10 20 30 50 percent of
the entire mass of the planet in water
the question is which of those worlds
could be habitable well let’s
return us to the earth because first
we have to understand the example of life
that we have on earth that is the only
that we have up to now all of life in
the earth is made by the chemistry of
carbon carbon is the fourth element
most abundant of the universe or not
we are made of absolutely nothing
special the carbon has if it has something
special and is that you can join up
with four elements at the same time
including himself in a way that
can generate molecules more and more and
bigger than you can even
reproduce between them so that those
molecules move and they are and
can form more and more structures
large you need a liquid that in the
case of the earth is water then
when we who do astrobiology
we talk about life as the earth because what
that we are talking about or life as the
we know what we are talking about is life
based on carbon and water
liquid and not humanoid beings with
antennas
Now you could say that maybe you do not know
something else happened to us that life could
be something different special that is not
it happens to us good actually our
choice of carbon and water not only
it has to do with life on earth
it also has to do with what happens
in this places
this is a molecular cloud are areas in
where the stars leave their materials
after its last phases of
evolution and are composed of two
things one is a microscopic powder like
this one that is made of silicates
of the same thing that the
terrestrial planets the other component
gas is the most important component of
gas because it is hydrogen but it is followed by
carbon monoxide the water vapor and
organic material
we have detected at least 200
molecules of organic materials there
like sugars alcohols and some things
called fullerenes that are molecules
up to 60 or 70 carbon atoms
what happens in those clouds is that
certain sections are collapsed by their
own weight and then they form
structures like this are called discs
protoplanetaries in the center that
little red light that you can see is
a star in formation and the disk
formed of dust and gas there are going to
start to form the planets what
happens is that the gas starts to
conglomerar already form structures
getting bigger and bigger until it
they form planets so the history of
formation of stars and planets
tells us that in these places there are these
two materials that we consider
important for life water and carbon
as carbon is very abundant we are going to
suppose that in general it will be
present on all the planets but the
Liquid water is another story in
principle if we think how are we going to have
liquid water because it is temperature and
pressure we need the
warm to have water without
that freezes not so hot
as to evaporate and this in the
case of the planets the temperature will
we owe it to the stars then in
the case of the land for example
if we considered only the
radiation that receives from its star the
average temperature of the earth would be
of 20 degrees centigrade under being the
reason why our planet is at
15 degrees centigrade on zero in
average
because our atmosphere has gases of
greenhouse gases are the gases of
greenhouse effect those who do
habitable to this planet clear that if
you have too many gases of effect
greenhouse and you are very close to your
star as happened to Venus then
the water is going to evaporate and it’s going to
escape into space in Venus the
temperature is 470 degrees centigrade
because it has an atmosphere 90 times more
big that the earth another case is
that of Mars Mars in fact if I had
an atmosphere of carbon dioxide
much denser would be a livable world
but it is unable to retain its atmosphere
because it ‘s a very small world so
that does not have the effect gases
greenhouse to be habitable then
with all this we build a
a concept that we call the area
habitat the habitable zone is a region
around a star where a
rocky planet with an atmosphere of
carbon dioxide and nitrogen can
keep liquid water on your
surface notice that I have to have
all those elements to be able to have a
potentially habitable planet and these
they are not habitable worlds for beings
humans because they are worlds with atmospheres
of unbreathable carbon dioxide for
human beings until now we have
a handful of planets that we have chosen
as potentially habitable are
worlds that are in the habitable zone of
your star calculated from
models and from the worlds we know their mass
or your radio on some occasions both
things but we do not know if they have water and
we do not know if they have an atmosphere
the idea is that right now we have a
generation of instruments as a test and
gaia that have the ability to detect
many exoplanets
in the future we will have missions like
the telescope james webb the telescope
space james webb with which we are going to
be able to detect the atmospheres of those
potentially habitable planets
our idea is that it is very possible that
the microscopic life has contaminated
that planet with its products with its
production as they did the healthy
bacteria with the earth so that
we could detect with a
telescope the biological activity of
microscopic beings we are before one of
the great experiments that is
making humanity for the first time
We can answer the question of whether it is
if indeed life is common
in the universe or is something very particular
that only happened on earth by
soon this is the only planet
habitable that we have there is no second
land where are we going to run when
let’s lose this and in fact neither
is that we are going to spoil them
I will predict the future the luminosity
of the sun you are increasing slowly
and the oceans are going to evaporate and in about
100 million years or so all
the oceans of the earth will have
evaporated completely in five thousand
millions of years the sun is going to
turn the sun into a red giant
land will stay inside the
atmosphere of the sun was going to be a speck of
dust that evaporates in space
we will end life on earth
before that, we ‘re not going to end the
life on earth life on earth
takes 3,500 million years here and the
Most microorganisms are these
microorganisms have weathered frost
have withstood stones from space have
weathered changes in the atmosphere not
let’s end life on earth
what we’re going to end up with is the
conditions that sustain the
human life there where you see
contamination microorganisms see
perfect places to survive like this
that when I think of worlds
habitable I think about a sula I think about
that world is where the resources will be
so few and all people
they worked to survive in that
world where men and women
they were the same I think of a world like
heaven where the genitals do not define
the destiny of the people I think of a
world where half the population is
respected as the other half
only by its merits where the
women
We are not incubators or serve for
the pleasure of other people I think of
a world where we can love
travel enjoy without being murdered
for being women while we walk towards
the extinction
I would like us to think about how
build a livable world for
US
[Applause]
[Music]
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