[Music]
[Music]
[Applause]
good evening the black holes that’s true are
maybe the ones 10 of space time
the pirates of the universe where the
corsairs of the cosmos he invites
actually to reinvent everything but I
especially believe in walking with a
new rationality that they do not
would deny anything of the reason for his
rigor naturally but who
might impose a
deterritorialization something that
looked like wandering or a little bit of
more rivals cited the idea yet is
quite simple if I throw an object towards
the top he climbs he goes down unless I
throws it hard enough because
that then he will escape the field
gravitational of the earth and fly away
forever in space this is it
that we call the release speed
but if the land was contracted by
a giant’s hand was becoming more
dense
it would be harder to escape
of his gravitational field and by
therefore the speed of release
would increase if I pursue the
process necessarily comes a
moment when the release speed
becomes bigger than the speed of the
light
we just created the hole concept
black as it is known since the
Eighteenth century
if the release speed and more
great that light nothing not even the
light can not escape the field
gravitational of the star considered
so the idea is simple almost obvious
trivial but black holes is there
really can we see them no can not
go see because they are too small
because they are too dark but
perhaps we must divest ourselves of the primate
that is usually conferred on the vision
have you ever seen
love resentment hate them
magnetic fields
yet there exists exist
etymologically it’s the opposite
to insist it means to have
measurable consequences on his
environment and its indeed one observes
we see the stars orbit around
of the central black hole of the galaxy on
see that there is a mass that is immense
very small and very dark
exactly seven the definition of a hole
black
black holes are numerous there are
presumably hundreds of
millions in our galaxy and are only
not dangerous
it’s not like we sometimes say
ogres who devours everything on their
passage
if the sun became a black hole
the orbit of the earth would remain
exactly the same because the
gravitation is democratic
black holes are not either
as they are represented in some
funnel popularization books
these are almost perfect spheres of
spheres characterized by a surface
what are called horizons and who is in
somehow immaterial we do not run into
not on a black hole
you who enter here lose all
hope
that’s what dante wrote in his
comedy to describe the underworld and that’s
actually a little what are the
black holes so to re enchant
could we say it’s gloomy world and
darkness one must resort to a theory
beautiful called relativity
the special relativity
it shows us first that there is
an absolute speed beyond which she
shows us especially that it is possible
to contract space and dilate the
time just because I move my
hand over yours
my watch is slightly out of sync with
yours which literally means
that journeys in the future are
possible that we could all
become older than our own
parents
the special relativity shows us
also e equals mc2 that we can
transform a property the energy into
existence mass
but beyond these oddities does the
very big and very fascinating theory
of einstein the general relativity that is going
really enlightened a new day the
black holes the general relativity she
only shows the space distorts itself and
distend with regard to the presence of bodies
she shows us could we say that the
matter shapes the space and we return
the inflected space dictates the matter
what are the possible trajectories
space ie gravitation
becomes dynamic
it is within this framework that we can
understand the expansion of the universe
for black holes I would say that the
first change induced by the
relativity and visual a black hole that’s
not just a dark disc that goes
obstruct the background sky a hole
black in reality it’s something that
will engender a picture rosary
could we say spectral and sepulchral
from the starry sky
because light can follow
complex trajectories in this space
deformed by the black hole
it also invites us to understand that
same experience can be apprehended from
different way a stone for example
that falls on a black hole will be seen by
the local observer as entering into
the black hole at the speed of light
but another distant observer will see
the piece freezes on the surface of the hole
black
these are visions apparently
antagonistic and yet perfectly
coherent of the same world in a
relativistic meaning is also the
relativity that allow us to
understand that black holes are there
still literally and without metaphor
Time traveling machines
if I get close enough to
the horizon of a black hole have returned to
inside and so we can
to extract me from his presence
I would have literally lived maybe
ten minutes
own repository domont while
will have flowed millions or
billion years in the rest of
the universe and both durations are all to
is accurate from their point of view of their
meaning and their measures
respective
then relativity that also allows
to go further and imagine
dangerous journeys for example to
inside black holes in a hole
black
we can enter because
remember the horizon is immaterial
I do not feel anything when I enter
stroke him but things get
a little complex I can not anymore
stop
it’s necessarily dynamic I
cast me collapse somehow the
central singularity this species of
tear of space-time that
besides stricto sensu is not a
point somewhere but is
rather a completion of the flow of the
time in a black hole
the light emitted to the outside goes in
reality inward because in
a black hole
space changes in time and time
changes to space in the same way
that in our world
time runs inexorably we
age in a black hole
it’s the space that flows and we do not
can not counter this flow
a reckless or reckless astronaut
who would enter a black hole would see
as a last picture a hoop a
infinitely bright ring of light
separating two hemispheres
extraordinarily dark it’s an end
I find that does not lack a certain
plume
so we can go further and
consider black holes every
rotating black holes are called the
black holes of care these black holes that
are real because in reality the
stars turn so black holes
that it generates turns also
presents remarkable properties
space-time is driven by the
rotation a black hole inside
the horizon we see no longer a
universe but a multiplicity and even
an infinite universe of gravity
repulsive and attractive we do not know
very well today if it’s a
simple artifacts mathematical artifices
it’s quite possible it’s even
likely but maybe it’s
reality of the first traces of
first fruits of what we call a multi vas
1 this multiplicity of world goes through
the whole story of thought or the
kit the ancient Greeks with a maxim
andré democritus we find it at the
rebirth with brunel slanting cues
we find it in the classical age with
leibniz in the eighteenth century with fontenelle
and in contemporary philosophy with
goodman and lewis which is remarkable
it is possible that plurality
of universe made today via the holes
black burglaries could we say in
the very rigorous framework of physics
theoretical
the great mathematician rogers penrose a
also understood that black holes
could be a source
of almost infinite energy is
extraordinarily ecological it would be
besides a recycling machine
absolutely perfect by extracting
the rotation energy ah yes we can not
recover what’s in the black hole
since nothing can come out but we can
in contrast July of energy
associated with the movement of the black hole then
alas one is a joke of physicists
theorists because it does not have you
escaped that in the real world we do not
do not live near a black hole in
rotation
so our salvation if it’s him there is not
will not come from the technological miracle or
scientist but rather a start
ethical since you know that we
we are committing suicide
a few decades we are rampaging
millions of years of subtle evolution is
fragile and unprecedented disaster
in the history of humanity and
presumably unprecedented in
the history of the earth that we
generate and that we undergo brings
in its wake a few million
of cash a few billion
billions of living nonhumans by
elsewhere terribly reify by our
cold spite and that’s the reason for
which I believe we can not
not to worry about it anymore
first and that’s the reason for
which even in a presentation on
black holes
I think it is indispensable to
remember but we can go
but we can go even further
thanks to theoretical physics and we can
look at the conjunction of holes
blacks with quantum physics
you know this strange theoretical describes
the world the infinitely small world he
there is some randomness that there is play
continues and shows us that the
empty is never really empty
in fact quantum physics people
could we say the small void
pairs of particles and donkey
sporadic particles like that they
appear and disappear which
scene it all right away unless there is a
black hole the gravitational field of the
black hole by tidal effects is going to be able
break the fathers of particles is one
particles will be emitted towards infinity
in other words, the distant observer who
scrutinizes the black hole will actually see a
evaporation radiation emanate from the hole
black
it is in clear contradiction with everything
what I’ve been explaining to you for ten
minutes since definitively war
nothing can come out of a black hole and we
is on the contrary saying that
the black holes evaporates yes it’s a
little problem is that science
contrary to what is sometimes said
are not trivial answers to
complex issues
it’s always an invitation to
subtlety the big black holes do not
do not evaporate and all we have seen is
correct but the little black holes
formed right after the big bang to be
indeed to be really real
bombs that explode and radiates
all their energy outward
in a way that to this day remains
mysterious because the black holes
seem amnesic the radiate energy does not
not remember the memory of those who
formed the black hole
but that’s forbidden you know in
ancient greece truth was said aletheia
aletheia before all that means mid May
6 it means remembering
alas the black holes violate one of
most fundamental theorems of the
physical which is the conservation of
information
so far nobody has any explanation
convincing to this fundamental paradox
black hole information
so today the looks turned
towards observation
because for a few years you
know maybe we have a
new meaning
somehow after the doral
hearing sight the touch and so on thanks to
our instruments
we are now able to
perceive the small vibrations of
space we call that the waves
gravitational
it’s not like the light of
waves that moves in space this
are space waves space
himself who starts to vibrate and thanks to
these gravity waves
we have scrutinized the coalescence this is at
say the merger of two black holes and
this allowed us to measure
clear that black holes are good
intangible
they are arguably balls
geometry the challenge for the next
years and that will be my conclusion it’s from
try with the black holes to go over
far to what is called the
quantum gravity
because today physicists are
a little schizophrenic there is on the one hand the
relativity the theory of the universe and
on the other hand quantum physics the
particle theory
but the problem is that these two
theories are not compatible one
with the other
so we sometimes say that we need them
make it compatible to unify the
science that I do not believe it too much
I like a science
diversified polychrome three countries form
a somewhat anarchic world but the
problem is consistency to describe
black holes
I have to use both
theories and when they are
mutually exclusive it is not
possible it is necessary to go further
maybe with the string theory that
invite to think of black holes as
a sort of gas of filiform structures
vibrating and membranes which allows
to explain their complexity
maybe with quantum gravity to
curls that invite to think holes
black as objects off good holes
blacks becoming troubling the disorder in
helping the symmetrical of a black hole a
object that can be extracted but in
which one can not go home why
we do not see them elsewhere
troubling maybe just because
the rebound is very fast in his
own repository some
microseconds
but thanks to the theory of relativity
seen by the outside astronomer he can
to be much longer than the age of
the universe
then you see it the questions are
many
I think there is a lot of
discoveries still to be made with the
black holes
it seems to me that we must continue to
scrutinize with child’s eyes at once
naive rigorous and enchanted by keeping in
head maybe those few words of pier
paolo pasolini who reminded us that
to learn, always first
know how to love thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
good evening the black holes that’s true are
maybe the ones 10 of space time
the pirates of the universe where the
corsairs of the cosmos he invites
actually to reinvent everything but I
especially believe in walking with a
new rationality that they do not
would deny anything of the reason for his
rigor naturally but who
might impose a
deterritorialization something that
looked like wandering or a little bit of
more rivals cited the idea yet is
quite simple if I throw an object towards
the top he climbs he goes down unless I
throws it hard enough because
that then he will escape the field
gravitational of the earth and fly away
forever in space this is it
that we call the release speed
but if the land was contracted by
a giant’s hand was becoming more
dense
it would be harder to escape
of his gravitational field and by
therefore the speed of release
would increase if I pursue the
process necessarily comes a
moment when the release speed
becomes bigger than the speed of the
light
we just created the hole concept
black as it is known since the
Eighteenth century
if the release speed and more
great that light nothing not even the
light can not escape the field
gravitational of the star considered
so the idea is simple almost obvious
trivial but black holes is there
really can we see them no can not
go see because they are too small
because they are too dark but
perhaps we must divest ourselves of the primate
that is usually conferred on the vision
have you ever seen
love resentment hate them
magnetic fields
yet there exists exist
etymologically it’s the opposite
to insist it means to have
measurable consequences on his
environment and its indeed one observes
we see the stars orbit around
of the central black hole of the galaxy on
see that there is a mass that is immense
very small and very dark
exactly seven the definition of a hole
black
black holes are numerous there are
presumably hundreds of
millions in our galaxy and are only
not dangerous
it’s not like we sometimes say
ogres who devours everything on their
passage
if the sun became a black hole
the orbit of the earth would remain
exactly the same because the
gravitation is democratic
black holes are not either
as they are represented in some
funnel popularization books
these are almost perfect spheres of
spheres characterized by a surface
what are called horizons and who is in
somehow immaterial we do not run into
not on a black hole
you who enter here lose all
hope
that’s what dante wrote in his
comedy to describe the underworld and that’s
actually a little what are the
black holes so to re enchant
could we say it’s gloomy world and
darkness one must resort to a theory
beautiful called relativity
the special relativity
it shows us first that there is
an absolute speed beyond which she
shows us especially that it is possible
to contract space and dilate the
time just because I move my
hand over yours
my watch is slightly out of sync with
yours which literally means
that journeys in the future are
possible that we could all
become older than our own
parents
the special relativity shows us
also e equals mc2 that we can
transform a property the energy into
existence mass
but beyond these oddities does the
very big and very fascinating theory
of einstein the general relativity that is going
really enlightened a new day the
black holes the general relativity she
only shows the space distorts itself and
distend with regard to the presence of bodies
she shows us could we say that the
matter shapes the space and we return
the inflected space dictates the matter
what are the possible trajectories
space ie gravitation
becomes dynamic
it is within this framework that we can
understand the expansion of the universe
for black holes I would say that the
first change induced by the
relativity and visual a black hole that’s
not just a dark disc that goes
obstruct the background sky a hole
black in reality it’s something that
will engender a picture rosary
could we say spectral and sepulchral
from the starry sky
because light can follow
complex trajectories in this space
deformed by the black hole
it also invites us to understand that
same experience can be apprehended from
different way a stone for example
that falls on a black hole will be seen by
the local observer as entering into
the black hole at the speed of light
but another distant observer will see
the piece freezes on the surface of the hole
black
these are visions apparently
antagonistic and yet perfectly
coherent of the same world in a
relativistic meaning is also the
relativity that allow us to
understand that black holes are there
still literally and without metaphor
Time traveling machines
if I get close enough to
the horizon of a black hole have returned to
inside and so we can
to extract me from his presence
I would have literally lived maybe
ten minutes
own repository domont while
will have flowed millions or
billion years in the rest of
the universe and both durations are all to
is accurate from their point of view of their
meaning and their measures
respective
then relativity that also allows
to go further and imagine
dangerous journeys for example to
inside black holes in a hole
black
we can enter because
remember the horizon is immaterial
I do not feel anything when I enter
stroke him but things get
a little complex I can not anymore
stop
it’s necessarily dynamic I
cast me collapse somehow the
central singularity this species of
tear of space-time that
besides stricto sensu is not a
point somewhere but is
rather a completion of the flow of the
time in a black hole
the light emitted to the outside goes in
reality inward because in
a black hole
space changes in time and time
changes to space in the same way
that in our world
time runs inexorably we
age in a black hole
it’s the space that flows and we do not
can not counter this flow
a reckless or reckless astronaut
who would enter a black hole would see
as a last picture a hoop a
infinitely bright ring of light
separating two hemispheres
extraordinarily dark it’s an end
I find that does not lack a certain
plume
so we can go further and
consider black holes every
rotating black holes are called the
black holes of care these black holes that
are real because in reality the
stars turn so black holes
that it generates turns also
presents remarkable properties
space-time is driven by the
rotation a black hole inside
the horizon we see no longer a
universe but a multiplicity and even
an infinite universe of gravity
repulsive and attractive we do not know
very well today if it’s a
simple artifacts mathematical artifices
it’s quite possible it’s even
likely but maybe it’s
reality of the first traces of
first fruits of what we call a multi vas
1 this multiplicity of world goes through
the whole story of thought or the
kit the ancient Greeks with a maxim
andré democritus we find it at the
rebirth with brunel slanting cues
we find it in the classical age with
leibniz in the eighteenth century with fontenelle
and in contemporary philosophy with
goodman and lewis which is remarkable
it is possible that plurality
of universe made today via the holes
black burglaries could we say in
the very rigorous framework of physics
theoretical
the great mathematician rogers penrose a
also understood that black holes
could be a source
of almost infinite energy is
extraordinarily ecological it would be
besides a recycling machine
absolutely perfect by extracting
the rotation energy ah yes we can not
recover what’s in the black hole
since nothing can come out but we can
in contrast July of energy
associated with the movement of the black hole then
alas one is a joke of physicists
theorists because it does not have you
escaped that in the real world we do not
do not live near a black hole in
rotation
so our salvation if it’s him there is not
will not come from the technological miracle or
scientist but rather a start
ethical since you know that we
we are committing suicide
a few decades we are rampaging
millions of years of subtle evolution is
fragile and unprecedented disaster
in the history of humanity and
presumably unprecedented in
the history of the earth that we
generate and that we undergo brings
in its wake a few million
of cash a few billion
billions of living nonhumans by
elsewhere terribly reify by our
cold spite and that’s the reason for
which I believe we can not
not to worry about it anymore
first and that’s the reason for
which even in a presentation on
black holes
I think it is indispensable to
remember but we can go
but we can go even further
thanks to theoretical physics and we can
look at the conjunction of holes
blacks with quantum physics
you know this strange theoretical describes
the world the infinitely small world he
there is some randomness that there is play
continues and shows us that the
empty is never really empty
in fact quantum physics people
could we say the small void
pairs of particles and donkey
sporadic particles like that they
appear and disappear which
scene it all right away unless there is a
black hole the gravitational field of the
black hole by tidal effects is going to be able
break the fathers of particles is one
particles will be emitted towards infinity
in other words, the distant observer who
scrutinizes the black hole will actually see a
evaporation radiation emanate from the hole
black
it is in clear contradiction with everything
what I’ve been explaining to you for ten
minutes since definitively war
nothing can come out of a black hole and we
is on the contrary saying that
the black holes evaporates yes it’s a
little problem is that science
contrary to what is sometimes said
are not trivial answers to
complex issues
it’s always an invitation to
subtlety the big black holes do not
do not evaporate and all we have seen is
correct but the little black holes
formed right after the big bang to be
indeed to be really real
bombs that explode and radiates
all their energy outward
in a way that to this day remains
mysterious because the black holes
seem amnesic the radiate energy does not
not remember the memory of those who
formed the black hole
but that’s forbidden you know in
ancient greece truth was said aletheia
aletheia before all that means mid May
6 it means remembering
alas the black holes violate one of
most fundamental theorems of the
physical which is the conservation of
information
so far nobody has any explanation
convincing to this fundamental paradox
black hole information
so today the looks turned
towards observation
because for a few years you
know maybe we have a
new meaning
somehow after the doral
hearing sight the touch and so on thanks to
our instruments
we are now able to
perceive the small vibrations of
space we call that the waves
gravitational
it’s not like the light of
waves that moves in space this
are space waves space
himself who starts to vibrate and thanks to
these gravity waves
we have scrutinized the coalescence this is at
say the merger of two black holes and
this allowed us to measure
clear that black holes are good
intangible
they are arguably balls
geometry the challenge for the next
years and that will be my conclusion it’s from
try with the black holes to go over
far to what is called the
quantum gravity
because today physicists are
a little schizophrenic there is on the one hand the
relativity the theory of the universe and
on the other hand quantum physics the
particle theory
but the problem is that these two
theories are not compatible one
with the other
so we sometimes say that we need them
make it compatible to unify the
science that I do not believe it too much
I like a science
diversified polychrome three countries form
a somewhat anarchic world but the
problem is consistency to describe
black holes
I have to use both
theories and when they are
mutually exclusive it is not
possible it is necessary to go further
maybe with the string theory that
invite to think of black holes as
a sort of gas of filiform structures
vibrating and membranes which allows
to explain their complexity
maybe with quantum gravity to
curls that invite to think holes
black as objects off good holes
blacks becoming troubling the disorder in
helping the symmetrical of a black hole a
object that can be extracted but in
which one can not go home why
we do not see them elsewhere
troubling maybe just because
the rebound is very fast in his
own repository some
microseconds
but thanks to the theory of relativity
seen by the outside astronomer he can
to be much longer than the age of
the universe
then you see it the questions are
many
I think there is a lot of
discoveries still to be made with the
black holes
it seems to me that we must continue to
scrutinize with child’s eyes at once
naive rigorous and enchanted by keeping in
head maybe those few words of pier
paolo pasolini who reminded us that
to learn, always first
know how to love thank you
[Applause]
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