sometimes my husband and I world with
dinner party where we meet new people
talking about whether the conversation
turns to what we do for a living I am a
professor of chemistry my husband says
and he continues to say he develops
methods to better measure the mass of
atoms everyone is totally impressed and
full of expectation they turn to me and
I think what am I gonna say mother of
two social scientists in the end I just
say it as it is I’m a tourism researcher
well nobody’s impressed anymore in fact
there’s an awkward silence and people
say things like oh that’s lovely
I like to travel too so I thought I take
the opportunity today to ask you for a
favor if you ever meet the tourism
researcher the dinner party
please be nice to them but I can’t ask
you for this favor without convincing
you of two things
the first one is tourism research is
tricky it’s right up there with weighing
the mass of atoms and secondly tourism
research can change the world
now before I convince you of this let me
show you the size of the tourism
industry internationally what you see
here is a bar chart showing you the
number of international tourists
traveling every single year so at the
very start 1995 to 2015 the number
doubled in 2015 1.2 billion
international tourists traveled every
single year and it’s not stopping there
the last bar you see is 2030 where we
are predicting 1.8 billion international
tourists on top of that we’ve got
another five to six billion domestic
tourists travelling and every day today
more than eight million people are
sitting in an airplane this is a massive
massive industry and that comes with
social and economic benefits the tourism
industry contributes 10% to the global
GDP and is responsible for one out of
every 11 jobs on the planet that’s
fantastic but it comes at a price
tourism also contributes up to 12.5
percent to glow
warming generates 5% of co2 emissions 35
million tons of solid waste every year
and accommodation alone that hotels
motels B & Bs use 1.3 cubic kilometers
of water every single year so if we want
to protect the 10% GDP and if we want to
secure 1 out of 11 jobs we must make the
tourism industry more environmentally
friendly now how can we do that
governments could regulate tourism but
in so doing they sacrifice tourism
revenue so most of them don’t tourism
industry could self-regulate but in so
doing they reduce their profit it
affects their bottom line so most of
them don’t what does that leave us with
well it leaves us with you and me with
the tourists and that sounds pretty
desperate doesn’t it yeah but remember
there’s 1.2 billion international and
there are five to six billion domestic
tourists so that’s a lot of people and
if we could convince just a small
fraction of these people to behave a
little bit more environmentally friendly
it could have a big impact on the
sustainability of the tourism industry
now that shouldn’t be hard after all
tourists like the environment and
tourists say they consider the
environment when they made a booking
decisions well we tested this with boats
we asked people who were just bought a
ticket for one of two boats why they
chose this particular boat tour and we
asked them whether they considered the
environment when they chose the boat
tour and good news 60% of our study
participants said yes I considered the
environment when I chose my boat tour
well after that we hopped on the boat
with them and you should know that the
two boats were identical except for one
thing one boat was eco certified the
other one was not so we hopped on the
boat with them and we asked one
additional question is the boat on which
you are right now eco certified or is it
not and guess what
only 23 percent of the people on the eco
certified boat gave us the correct
answer that means only 14 percent of our
study participants were actually on the
eco solidified boat and knew that they
were on the eco certified boat so that’s
not very
it tells us that tourists love the
environment they tell us the considered
the environment when they go on vacation
but really they don’t all right so we
thought all right fair enough there’s
got to be at least some dedicated
environmentalists who are gonna put
their money where their mouth is
so we approach volunteering
organizations environmental volunteering
organizations and we ask could we
interview your volunteers and we
interviewed quite a few of them but only
one mention the environment at all when
talking about the last vacation
we then reminded them that tourism is
not particularly environmentally
friendly and they all knew it not only
did they know it they felt quite guilty
about it but the guilt did not translate
into behavior instead they came up with
a very rich portfolio of explanations
excuses why they can’t behave
environmentally friendly yeah sure my
holiday is not good for the environment
but look at these mass tourists they’re
much worse than me my grandmother is
sick she lives in Europe I have to visit
her I have to travel for work yeah sure
the tourism industry is bad but look at
the coal industry the mining industry
much worse much worse I cannot afford
booking into an eco-lodge
it’s too expensive so a large number of
excuses but what we learn from this
study is that even tree-hugging hippies
like me do not behave environmentally
friendly when they go on vacation so we
thought what can we do maybe we need to
remind people we haven’t given up hope
in humanity we think maybe we go move in
a hotel we just forget our bad habits
and what we need to do is we need to
remind people to do the right thing so
we went into a four-star hotel and
installed electrometers in almost a
hundred hotel rooms and we then measured
the baseline electricity use in all
those hotel rooms then we used little
stickers three different kinds one that
was kind of a bit boring reminding
people to save electricity one that was
a little piggy bank so it was meant to
be more lighthearted and a third one
which was deliberately designed to
induce guilt in the tourists these
stickers were quite targeted because we
had them at every single switch for an
electrical appliance right not just one
little car
somewhere hidden in the hotel every
single switch had a sticker but guess
what
absolutely nothing sticker no sticker
pig-sticker guild sticker no difference
whatsoever so at this point we started
getting seriously concerned we said well
clearly talking to people preaching to
them educating them explaining reminding
doesn’t work maybe what we need to do is
we need to entice them we need to nudge
them to behave more
environmentally-friendly
now the most favored study in nudging is
to put a fly on the inside of a urinal
and that does what it improves the
precision of the boys targeting right
now the aim of the fly is not to educate
the boys not to change their values not
to change their beliefs the aim is not
to change the precision of their
targeting for the rest of their lives
it’s just fun to target that particular
fly in that particular urinal at that
particular time so maybe that’s all we
need in tourism because after all what
we want to do is we want to change one
tourist behavior at one destination at
one particular time that’s all and good
news there’s evidence that it works
reducing the size of the plate at the
breakfast buffet by three centimeters
leads to 20 percent less food waste food
waste is a big environmental issue it
takes electricity water energy to
produce food to store it to refrigerate
it to transport it to prepare it and if
then we end up not eating it it goes
into landfill in landfill it produces a
gas called methane which warms the globe
between 28 and 86 times more than co2
does so that’s a really big problem but
just changing the plate size by three
centimeters drops food base by 20% and
guess what our tourists are just as
happy as they were with the big plate
because they can go and get more if they
want all right so a very simple solution
how we can make our breakfast buffets
more environmentally friendly
another study asked the question how
much do we actually produce in food
waste when we go to a breakfast buffet
and the answer is every time and that’s
for a four-star hotel
people go take food they leave on
average everyday 15.2 grams now fifteen
point two grams doesn’t sound like
particularly much and in fact it isn’t
it’s about half a bowl of cornflakes but
remember we have one point two billion
international tourists five to six
billion domestic tourists so if each one
of their waists for four nights of
average stay half a bowl of cornflakes
we can line up those cornflakes 315
times around the globe and that’s every
single year the same study also found
that tourists from different countries
of origin have different food waste
behavior some don’t waste food at all
others waste a lot of food we also
learned that food abundance effects food
waste so the more food we see the more
we think it’s probably nothing special
and we are more willing to waste it and
and this will not surprise you families
are the worst culprits I know that from
my kids we go to a hotel there is zoom
around the breakfast buffet they grab
every cake that they can possibly grab
and of course they find that half of
them are not yummy and those are then
thrown away another way how we can
entice tourists to behave more
environmentally friendly is to give them
a little reward for the desired behavior
now you’re all used to the request to
please reuse your towels well we thought
we’d take it a step further and we’d ask
people to waive the entire room clean
because if you don’t clean the room
automatically you don’t replace the
towels but there’s additional benefits
overall we save 1.5 kilowatt hours of
electricity hundred milliliters of
chemicals and 35 liters of water if we
waive a room clean hotel guests are not
very excited about being asked this kind
of things they’re cynical they don’t see
it as an environmental activity there
they think oh well sure the hotel wants
to save money at my expense so what we
did is we said fair enough we save a lot
of money actually if we don’t clean your
room every day but we will offer you an
equitable solution half of the money you
say the hotel gets and half of that
money is returned to the tourists in the
form of a drinks voucher and they can
use the drink
when they have dinner at the hotel this
little initiative meant that 42% of the
routine cleans that would have usually
happened did not happen and guess what
the tourists were just as happy in fact
if you trust hotel staff there was a
very lively black market for hotel for
the little drinks vouchers we were
handing out so we could argue that their
pleasure was increased not decreased by
our little little intervention what’s
important theoretically however is that
we had another experimental condition
we’re on top of this we also explained
the environmental benefits of this
particular intervention and guess what
no difference so the knowledge that it’s
environmentally good did not have the
effect it was actually this equitable
sharing of the of the savings that drove
all the behavior change
we then debriefed with hotel staff of
this particular hotel on this study and
asked them is there anything else we can
do to make the operations of your hotel
more environmentally friendly and the
head of food and beverage held serviette
and we thought Suresh what’s the story
with serviettes we don’t know that
there’s a problem with Serbia it’s well
there is if you go to a four or
five-star hotel you sit down at the
breakfast buffet table at the table you
will find a very large and very thick
cotton serviettes nicely folded on your
plate the moment you touch it even if
you just touch it to put it out of your
way so you can eat this serviette needs
to be washed and it needs to be ironed
and we can’t do that forever we can do
it about 70 maybe a hundred times if
we’re lucky
then it gets thrown away so it turns out
that using a recycled paper one way
serviette is a lot more environmentally
friendly than using the thick cotton
serviette it produces three times less
co2 emissions and uses 10 times less
water to use a recycled paper so yet but
hotels don’t want to give their guests
recycled paper soviets after all it’s a
four or five star hotel the guests have
expectations so what we set out to do is
figure out whether the guests were
actually upset if we change the
serviette at the breakfast buffet so
what we did is we change the default we
gave people
recycle tribute instead of the cotton
serviette and we had a little sign on
the table explaining why we did that and
inviting them that if they felt strongly
about a thick cotton serviette they
could go to the buffet and they could
just grab one this little change in
default reduce the cotton Servette used
by 95 percent and guess what the
tourists were just as happy in fact it’s
not that they didn’t realize we asked
them and they were quite aware which
kind of serviette they had but they just
honestly couldn’t care less so what an
easy way to reduce the impact on of the
tourism industry on the environment so
you see we are having a lot of fun doing
our little environmental experiments now
what I didn’t tell you today is all the
failed ones yeah and we’ve had a few but
the ones that are successful are very
rewarding and well worth all the effort
we’ve put into it so what have we
learned in terms of knowledge
development well we’ve learned that
current theories which are quite good at
explaining and predicting and changing
pro-environmental behavior in the home
context fail catastrophically in the
vacation context why is that when we’re
at home and we save energy we save money
when we’re at home we are very much who
we are and when we’re at home our
neighbors are watching and judging us
so our behavior is very much in line
with our beliefs and with our values we
go on vacation we save energy we don’t
save any money right we’re still paying
the same hotel rate we don’t want to be
the same old boring self we want to try
something new we want to be someone
different just for a little while and
the neighbors aren’t watching so it’s
the perfect opportunity to be just a
little bit naughty as a consequence our
values and our beliefs do not lie
aligned very well with our behaviors and
trying to convince us preaching to us
educating us doesn’t work tourists need
to be enticed to behave more
environmentally friendly and there’s
three ways we can do that we can change
the infrastructure like the example with
the plate shot we can change the default
like the example
with our recycles our yet showed or we
can give people a little reward for the
desired behavior like the drinks voucher
example with the room cleans showed but
whatever we choose to do the one thing
we must not do is assume that tourists
will sacrifice pleasure enjoyment for
the sake of their environment they will
not we need to let have them the same
level of enjoyment and the changes need
to be painless for them that’s the only
way we can convince them what’s the
practical value of our research well if
I eat up my breakfast and if I wave my
room clean and if I use a recycle
serviette it makes absolutely no
difference but if 1.2 billion tourists
internationally and another five to six
billion nationally do that that actually
can make a big difference and I know
it’s hard to imagine these massive
numbers so I took just one example out
for you to show you the scale of the
benefits we can achieve so if all of
these tourists of all this 1.2 plus 5 to
5 to 6 billion if we could only get 1%
not 15 not 14 not 10 1% of these people
to not have the hotel room cleaned every
single day we could save enough water to
provide for food preparation and
drinking for 5 million humans every
single year so the scale at which we can
make a difference is absolutely gigantic
so I hope I have convinced you the
tourism research can save the world and
I hope I’ve convinced you that tourism
research is pretty tricky it’s hard
enough to explain and change human
behavior at the best of times but trying
to change it in times when people are
seeking enjoyment is particularly
difficult so please if you ever meet a
tourism researcher at the dinner party
be nice to them say something like wow
you are a tourism researcher tourism
research is so important that it is so
complicated good on you
thank you
you
dinner party where we meet new people
talking about whether the conversation
turns to what we do for a living I am a
professor of chemistry my husband says
and he continues to say he develops
methods to better measure the mass of
atoms everyone is totally impressed and
full of expectation they turn to me and
I think what am I gonna say mother of
two social scientists in the end I just
say it as it is I’m a tourism researcher
well nobody’s impressed anymore in fact
there’s an awkward silence and people
say things like oh that’s lovely
I like to travel too so I thought I take
the opportunity today to ask you for a
favor if you ever meet the tourism
researcher the dinner party
please be nice to them but I can’t ask
you for this favor without convincing
you of two things
the first one is tourism research is
tricky it’s right up there with weighing
the mass of atoms and secondly tourism
research can change the world
now before I convince you of this let me
show you the size of the tourism
industry internationally what you see
here is a bar chart showing you the
number of international tourists
traveling every single year so at the
very start 1995 to 2015 the number
doubled in 2015 1.2 billion
international tourists traveled every
single year and it’s not stopping there
the last bar you see is 2030 where we
are predicting 1.8 billion international
tourists on top of that we’ve got
another five to six billion domestic
tourists travelling and every day today
more than eight million people are
sitting in an airplane this is a massive
massive industry and that comes with
social and economic benefits the tourism
industry contributes 10% to the global
GDP and is responsible for one out of
every 11 jobs on the planet that’s
fantastic but it comes at a price
tourism also contributes up to 12.5
percent to glow
warming generates 5% of co2 emissions 35
million tons of solid waste every year
and accommodation alone that hotels
motels B & Bs use 1.3 cubic kilometers
of water every single year so if we want
to protect the 10% GDP and if we want to
secure 1 out of 11 jobs we must make the
tourism industry more environmentally
friendly now how can we do that
governments could regulate tourism but
in so doing they sacrifice tourism
revenue so most of them don’t tourism
industry could self-regulate but in so
doing they reduce their profit it
affects their bottom line so most of
them don’t what does that leave us with
well it leaves us with you and me with
the tourists and that sounds pretty
desperate doesn’t it yeah but remember
there’s 1.2 billion international and
there are five to six billion domestic
tourists so that’s a lot of people and
if we could convince just a small
fraction of these people to behave a
little bit more environmentally friendly
it could have a big impact on the
sustainability of the tourism industry
now that shouldn’t be hard after all
tourists like the environment and
tourists say they consider the
environment when they made a booking
decisions well we tested this with boats
we asked people who were just bought a
ticket for one of two boats why they
chose this particular boat tour and we
asked them whether they considered the
environment when they chose the boat
tour and good news 60% of our study
participants said yes I considered the
environment when I chose my boat tour
well after that we hopped on the boat
with them and you should know that the
two boats were identical except for one
thing one boat was eco certified the
other one was not so we hopped on the
boat with them and we asked one
additional question is the boat on which
you are right now eco certified or is it
not and guess what
only 23 percent of the people on the eco
certified boat gave us the correct
answer that means only 14 percent of our
study participants were actually on the
eco solidified boat and knew that they
were on the eco certified boat so that’s
not very
it tells us that tourists love the
environment they tell us the considered
the environment when they go on vacation
but really they don’t all right so we
thought all right fair enough there’s
got to be at least some dedicated
environmentalists who are gonna put
their money where their mouth is
so we approach volunteering
organizations environmental volunteering
organizations and we ask could we
interview your volunteers and we
interviewed quite a few of them but only
one mention the environment at all when
talking about the last vacation
we then reminded them that tourism is
not particularly environmentally
friendly and they all knew it not only
did they know it they felt quite guilty
about it but the guilt did not translate
into behavior instead they came up with
a very rich portfolio of explanations
excuses why they can’t behave
environmentally friendly yeah sure my
holiday is not good for the environment
but look at these mass tourists they’re
much worse than me my grandmother is
sick she lives in Europe I have to visit
her I have to travel for work yeah sure
the tourism industry is bad but look at
the coal industry the mining industry
much worse much worse I cannot afford
booking into an eco-lodge
it’s too expensive so a large number of
excuses but what we learn from this
study is that even tree-hugging hippies
like me do not behave environmentally
friendly when they go on vacation so we
thought what can we do maybe we need to
remind people we haven’t given up hope
in humanity we think maybe we go move in
a hotel we just forget our bad habits
and what we need to do is we need to
remind people to do the right thing so
we went into a four-star hotel and
installed electrometers in almost a
hundred hotel rooms and we then measured
the baseline electricity use in all
those hotel rooms then we used little
stickers three different kinds one that
was kind of a bit boring reminding
people to save electricity one that was
a little piggy bank so it was meant to
be more lighthearted and a third one
which was deliberately designed to
induce guilt in the tourists these
stickers were quite targeted because we
had them at every single switch for an
electrical appliance right not just one
little car
somewhere hidden in the hotel every
single switch had a sticker but guess
what
absolutely nothing sticker no sticker
pig-sticker guild sticker no difference
whatsoever so at this point we started
getting seriously concerned we said well
clearly talking to people preaching to
them educating them explaining reminding
doesn’t work maybe what we need to do is
we need to entice them we need to nudge
them to behave more
environmentally-friendly
now the most favored study in nudging is
to put a fly on the inside of a urinal
and that does what it improves the
precision of the boys targeting right
now the aim of the fly is not to educate
the boys not to change their values not
to change their beliefs the aim is not
to change the precision of their
targeting for the rest of their lives
it’s just fun to target that particular
fly in that particular urinal at that
particular time so maybe that’s all we
need in tourism because after all what
we want to do is we want to change one
tourist behavior at one destination at
one particular time that’s all and good
news there’s evidence that it works
reducing the size of the plate at the
breakfast buffet by three centimeters
leads to 20 percent less food waste food
waste is a big environmental issue it
takes electricity water energy to
produce food to store it to refrigerate
it to transport it to prepare it and if
then we end up not eating it it goes
into landfill in landfill it produces a
gas called methane which warms the globe
between 28 and 86 times more than co2
does so that’s a really big problem but
just changing the plate size by three
centimeters drops food base by 20% and
guess what our tourists are just as
happy as they were with the big plate
because they can go and get more if they
want all right so a very simple solution
how we can make our breakfast buffets
more environmentally friendly
another study asked the question how
much do we actually produce in food
waste when we go to a breakfast buffet
and the answer is every time and that’s
for a four-star hotel
people go take food they leave on
average everyday 15.2 grams now fifteen
point two grams doesn’t sound like
particularly much and in fact it isn’t
it’s about half a bowl of cornflakes but
remember we have one point two billion
international tourists five to six
billion domestic tourists so if each one
of their waists for four nights of
average stay half a bowl of cornflakes
we can line up those cornflakes 315
times around the globe and that’s every
single year the same study also found
that tourists from different countries
of origin have different food waste
behavior some don’t waste food at all
others waste a lot of food we also
learned that food abundance effects food
waste so the more food we see the more
we think it’s probably nothing special
and we are more willing to waste it and
and this will not surprise you families
are the worst culprits I know that from
my kids we go to a hotel there is zoom
around the breakfast buffet they grab
every cake that they can possibly grab
and of course they find that half of
them are not yummy and those are then
thrown away another way how we can
entice tourists to behave more
environmentally friendly is to give them
a little reward for the desired behavior
now you’re all used to the request to
please reuse your towels well we thought
we’d take it a step further and we’d ask
people to waive the entire room clean
because if you don’t clean the room
automatically you don’t replace the
towels but there’s additional benefits
overall we save 1.5 kilowatt hours of
electricity hundred milliliters of
chemicals and 35 liters of water if we
waive a room clean hotel guests are not
very excited about being asked this kind
of things they’re cynical they don’t see
it as an environmental activity there
they think oh well sure the hotel wants
to save money at my expense so what we
did is we said fair enough we save a lot
of money actually if we don’t clean your
room every day but we will offer you an
equitable solution half of the money you
say the hotel gets and half of that
money is returned to the tourists in the
form of a drinks voucher and they can
use the drink
when they have dinner at the hotel this
little initiative meant that 42% of the
routine cleans that would have usually
happened did not happen and guess what
the tourists were just as happy in fact
if you trust hotel staff there was a
very lively black market for hotel for
the little drinks vouchers we were
handing out so we could argue that their
pleasure was increased not decreased by
our little little intervention what’s
important theoretically however is that
we had another experimental condition
we’re on top of this we also explained
the environmental benefits of this
particular intervention and guess what
no difference so the knowledge that it’s
environmentally good did not have the
effect it was actually this equitable
sharing of the of the savings that drove
all the behavior change
we then debriefed with hotel staff of
this particular hotel on this study and
asked them is there anything else we can
do to make the operations of your hotel
more environmentally friendly and the
head of food and beverage held serviette
and we thought Suresh what’s the story
with serviettes we don’t know that
there’s a problem with Serbia it’s well
there is if you go to a four or
five-star hotel you sit down at the
breakfast buffet table at the table you
will find a very large and very thick
cotton serviettes nicely folded on your
plate the moment you touch it even if
you just touch it to put it out of your
way so you can eat this serviette needs
to be washed and it needs to be ironed
and we can’t do that forever we can do
it about 70 maybe a hundred times if
we’re lucky
then it gets thrown away so it turns out
that using a recycled paper one way
serviette is a lot more environmentally
friendly than using the thick cotton
serviette it produces three times less
co2 emissions and uses 10 times less
water to use a recycled paper so yet but
hotels don’t want to give their guests
recycled paper soviets after all it’s a
four or five star hotel the guests have
expectations so what we set out to do is
figure out whether the guests were
actually upset if we change the
serviette at the breakfast buffet so
what we did is we change the default we
gave people
recycle tribute instead of the cotton
serviette and we had a little sign on
the table explaining why we did that and
inviting them that if they felt strongly
about a thick cotton serviette they
could go to the buffet and they could
just grab one this little change in
default reduce the cotton Servette used
by 95 percent and guess what the
tourists were just as happy in fact it’s
not that they didn’t realize we asked
them and they were quite aware which
kind of serviette they had but they just
honestly couldn’t care less so what an
easy way to reduce the impact on of the
tourism industry on the environment so
you see we are having a lot of fun doing
our little environmental experiments now
what I didn’t tell you today is all the
failed ones yeah and we’ve had a few but
the ones that are successful are very
rewarding and well worth all the effort
we’ve put into it so what have we
learned in terms of knowledge
development well we’ve learned that
current theories which are quite good at
explaining and predicting and changing
pro-environmental behavior in the home
context fail catastrophically in the
vacation context why is that when we’re
at home and we save energy we save money
when we’re at home we are very much who
we are and when we’re at home our
neighbors are watching and judging us
so our behavior is very much in line
with our beliefs and with our values we
go on vacation we save energy we don’t
save any money right we’re still paying
the same hotel rate we don’t want to be
the same old boring self we want to try
something new we want to be someone
different just for a little while and
the neighbors aren’t watching so it’s
the perfect opportunity to be just a
little bit naughty as a consequence our
values and our beliefs do not lie
aligned very well with our behaviors and
trying to convince us preaching to us
educating us doesn’t work tourists need
to be enticed to behave more
environmentally friendly and there’s
three ways we can do that we can change
the infrastructure like the example with
the plate shot we can change the default
like the example
with our recycles our yet showed or we
can give people a little reward for the
desired behavior like the drinks voucher
example with the room cleans showed but
whatever we choose to do the one thing
we must not do is assume that tourists
will sacrifice pleasure enjoyment for
the sake of their environment they will
not we need to let have them the same
level of enjoyment and the changes need
to be painless for them that’s the only
way we can convince them what’s the
practical value of our research well if
I eat up my breakfast and if I wave my
room clean and if I use a recycle
serviette it makes absolutely no
difference but if 1.2 billion tourists
internationally and another five to six
billion nationally do that that actually
can make a big difference and I know
it’s hard to imagine these massive
numbers so I took just one example out
for you to show you the scale of the
benefits we can achieve so if all of
these tourists of all this 1.2 plus 5 to
5 to 6 billion if we could only get 1%
not 15 not 14 not 10 1% of these people
to not have the hotel room cleaned every
single day we could save enough water to
provide for food preparation and
drinking for 5 million humans every
single year so the scale at which we can
make a difference is absolutely gigantic
so I hope I have convinced you the
tourism research can save the world and
I hope I’ve convinced you that tourism
research is pretty tricky it’s hard
enough to explain and change human
behavior at the best of times but trying
to change it in times when people are
seeking enjoyment is particularly
difficult so please if you ever meet a
tourism researcher at the dinner party
be nice to them say something like wow
you are a tourism researcher tourism
research is so important that it is so
complicated good on you
thank you
you
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