hello I thought I’d come in today I’m
talking back to my favorite things
travel to the ocean and space so here’s
a picture of ocean space combined to let
me know why I wanted to come here and
talk to you about ocean space I trained
as an ocean on the bus and I spent a lot
of time going out on boats and measuring
the sea and then I switched to teaching
and I became a physics teacher and
swimming teacher
this is me on a strike when the school
cuts first came in and we’ve got a
posture the last two years I’ve been
learning these two things together and
we’re going into schools sometimes
dressed as a pirate with the life-size
and play to the killer whale and people
about the sea and the size of curriculum
and the more and more I went into
schools
I just realized actually much about the
ocean that see I was having a game or
children’s – real pursuit in a pub and I
was with my friends at and the question
came up what were the first men on the
moon and I’m really read I was like
obvious is really easy they’re going to
get this right but what they actually
said was Lance Armstrong and Buzz like
what we actually know is they are these
guys we’ve got near Armstrong they’ve
got resolved in the car in the middle is
kind of a lesser-known driver we’ve done
that was still really important in the
Apollo 11 missions and we started with
Mike Collins and he holds the record for
being the loneliest person that there
has ever been
it was his job to orbit the moon or the
other two guys walked around I never got
all the credit and it was his job to run
the group the lunar module again under
take them back to earth but he would
take him two hours of orbit the moon I’m
45 minutes in every two hours meant he
was on the far side of the Moon and out
of contact the rest of the human race
so if we look at this incredible graph
which I’ve formulated of people what
have been there if we look at my people
into space we’ve got 536 people that
people that have been to the moon that’s
24 we got told people walking their
murderous orbited it people have been to
the deepest point on the bottom our
ocean we’ve got a whopping three people
which is I think absolutely unbelievable
and I was like why is this why is it
that we’re so so many people gonna say
just a few have gone to the bottom of
our ocean and this is what I’ve started
to researchers stop and look at as to
why there’s this massive discrepancy um
so we can see something I am senior
there Donnelly winger soon all over the
place just driving around with proper
equipment young good gas mix you can go
down to about 500 meters maximum and if
you go down one of these snazzy suit
this is a diving suit and you can go
down to about 700 meters I mean if you
are in a submarine when one or two you
better go down to about 280 meters and
many people mad if pressure would exceed
that what your submarine could be
capable of withstanding it would be
crushed and you’d see the bottom die a
little bit like in that suit and record
for the nuclear submarines and naval
submarines is the Sea Wolf clubs in the
space we can go now about 750 meters so
about here then we slice through the
ocean a cross-section here and we can
see actually that when we used to think
you’ve a very really deep seven window
completely means is really deep but we
are only scratching the surface so it
mostly naval submarines can only go down
to about that death and then we’ve got
the average ocean depth three and a half
thousand meters we’re not even going
anywhere near that and that’s not when
will you stop sorry that’s when you
start to look at the deepest point on
that the challenger deep the Marianas
Trench and this is a point in
on the water a place so dark and so
dangerous that only three people have
ever been there and so at the height of
the space race we have these guys Swiss
person called Jacques Piccard and an
American guy called Don Walsh and they
built this submarine called the the
Trieste and it looks pretty big but they
were actually squeezed into that small
circle that sphere at the bottom of it
well they were done the rest of the rest
of the craft was filled with a ballast
they did this and it was fun I just
picked off the list laughter boy what
I’m worried about doing that again no
one did it again until James Cameron and
film director used his money that he got
from one of his incredible films like
Terminator 2 and he built his own eight
million pounds right $18 submarine and
he became the third person ever to reach
crazy
so we’re thinking about work that’s
quite a lot eight million but then if we
look at what it takes to get to these
different environments actually takes
quite a lot this picture of the southern
part of it and it is an incredible piece
of machinery I was lucky enough to go to
Sears it became the Space Center a
couple of years ago and one of the
things that’s quite often overlooked
this is the thing that wheels are out
there and this is the
crawler-transporter incredible piece of
Kevin you can see and there with the
picture of the car and then people mix
that how big this thing is and it goes
as a top speed of 1 mile an hour and an
amazing fuel efficiency of 13 meters per
gallon so the prices I’ve put on here
I’ve changed to pounds because we’re in
England and I’ve organized them –
they’re put modern-day equipment so
that’s how much just the thing to wheel
the rocket out costs and then when we
look at the rocket itself this is an
incredible thing 2.6 billion per rocket
that is mainly fueling just to get the
tiny topic into outer space and this
giant fuel canisters
effectively is has been a whopping fuel
efficiency of 18 centimeters per gallon
which makes it swell record being the
worst fuel efficiency on her incredible
but that is some serious technology to
go into outer space and this is why
because the moon is quite far away from
Earth you don’t often see it portrayed
like this but this is a scale picture of
if this is helping the moon would be in
comparison and that is 240,000 miles it
takes quite a while to get to the moon
it takes approximately two days to get
into the lunar orbit but then they had
all but for another two days before they
were able to land on the moon itself and
that was the fastest anyone has done it
this is the problem and subsequent
missions so we’re like okay well
obviously it’s hard to get into space
when you expensive stuff you know
submarine you just go down and it’s
easier to get to the moon
so this is James Cameron hanging out in
his submarine anyone’s a nice barmy 24
degrees centigrade for room temperature
well we look at the temperature extremes
that we get in the ocean the warmest
days from being will be 27 degrees the
Congress that they will be – – I mean
you could say if you go down to some
size of the actor there is where we’ve
got hydrothermal vents the water and
that can be up to 600 degree centigrade
but I’m discounting that because you’d
be silly to drive your submarine into
battery in outer space you’ve got a
completely different thing going on here
and this is probably one of the biggest
challenges of space travel is that if
you’re trying to keep the last 24
degrees centigrade room temperature
inside your spaceship the depths of
space are only three degrees above
absolute zero which is an which is
almost the coldest temperature that you
can possibly get but it means that the
side facing the Sun has got no
atmosphere so that gets insanely hot and
so this mass
the difference between or anything
you’ve engineered into outer space
that’s what they help to withstand these
extreme temperatures um so then I was
like I know what’s going to be the
cincher and that is going to be the
pressure so if I get a balloon balloon
up and currently that balloon and all of
us are at atmospheric pressure but one
atmosphere or pressure pressing down on
us all that waves of air we don’t feel
it because we have evolved with it but
just ten meters on the water that
pressure doubles because water is so
much denser than air so just ten meters
under water I’m exposed to that space of
pressure so I would take my balloon down
that deep the volume of that balloon
would go to half of a on the surface by
taking down another 10 meters to 20
meters on the water and now I’m on the
three atmospheres of pressure and the
volume of the balloon will be compressed
to a third of what it is on the surface
40 meter mark is really important to
people to do free diving because of that
depth your lungs get compressed to the
size of your fists and you stop being a
neutrally buoyant so if you deep sink
any deeper than that you actually have
to expend energy to swing back up so
your lungs can then start expanding and
you can flow to the surface anything
that you sink like a stone so this time
I fear a pressure place I’ve been wrong
and we’ve only looked at it in terms of
like 40 50 meters and if we start
looking at the point and the Marianas
Trench well you’re going to have 11,000
meters of water pressing down with you
the pressure there is absolutely
unbelievable so what we’re going to do
is we’re going to imagine a cube of
water and this is fresh water so the
cuban water
it weighs approximately it’s on the
stick water weighs a little bit more and
about thousands of kilograms because of
the salt and if we imagine this giant
stack of these cubes one on top of the
other one on top of the other building
up and building up for 11,000 meters in
imagine on that square then we’re going
to have 11,000 tons
pressing down on that square meter and
what that translates
to draw a little centimeter box
centimeter by centimeter box on my hand
on every centimeter square of my body I
have over a tongue and pressing down on
me which is an absolutely mental amount
of pressure it’s such a a massive amount
of pressure that had Jack Picard had
gone watch James Cameron had their
submarines had got a hole in it then the
water would have sprayed England’s
amongst pressure they would have been
able to cut them in half like a lace
thing and if their submarine had failed
and the water running all the one go
they would have been terms of human
smoothly in less than a second so in
outer space pressure is much much easier
because you just got to keep one
atmosphere inverse that zero atmospheres
that you’ve got outside you’ve got so
you just start a pressure differential
of one atmosphere you have got the same
pressure differential in your submarine
of the water are just ten meters
underwater there you’ve got one
atmosphere you’re keeping you’ve got two
outer spheres on the outside so there’s
our one atmosphere in there’s two on the
outside and every 10 meters you go down
on the water that pressure is increasing
and increasing and this is one of the
reasons that it is so insanely difficult
to get the deep ocean because of this
pressure so then we’re going to see what
it’s like to look to live in these
places so this is an incredible one of
mankind’s most amazing feast the
International Space Station and a
priority international project that
we’re scientists we go up there and use
this and do experiments about how
mankind hopefully potentially
visit places further in space on the
moon and this thing costs fifteen
billion dollars and it is absolutely
amazing but one of the dangers in outer
space we don’t often think about is how
radioactive spaces so we have got the
giant star right near us our Sun and
this Sun is constantly spewing out child
charged particles of radiation we don’t
notice them down here on earth
we have an atmosphere to protect us but
we know when these things hit our earth
because that’s what causes the Aurora’s
of them all from the South Poles this is
when these charged particles interact
with our atmosphere and our
magnetosphere that’s these particles are
firing through space without the
protection of the atmosphere in outer
space as channels are constantly
bombarded by these charged particles to
the point when they’re trying to go to
sleep they see flashes of light on their
retinas form at the rain black spot who
is going through their eyes and
impacting upon their retinas and so for
this reason because space is so
radioactive and typically NASA doesn’t
allow astronauts up into space longer
than six months because of the long-term
health effects and so these long-term
health effects from being bombarded by
all this radiation can include things
like cataracts it can really affect your
eyes we can have things like an
increased risk of cancer that makes
sense but also the microgravity
environment plays havoc with the human
body as well so we have a battery our
bones start deteriorating and wasting
away because they’re not having to
support anything as our brother bones
start breaking down we get kidney stones
they’re trying to process that we’ve got
other things such as muscle loss
astronauts train up to four hours a day
to try and reduce the fact that they
don’t get their muscles aren’t being
used as much our heart does weird things
in space because it’s used to pumping
the ground against gravity and then all
of a sudden we start getting irregular
heartbeats and things like that we um
we’ve got mr. animal blood and we get we
become anemic things like that
completely messes around with us Arcadia
movement rhythms a national will orbit
the earth every 90 minutes so there’s no
concept really of night and day there
and it also messes around with your
muscular coordination
dimension people are still insurance and
why that happens so in looking in space
is quite hazardous for your health at
this point and the longest anyone’s ever
spent in space is 420 days which was a
record set by russian cosmonaut back in
1995 garden Valeri poly couple so this
is the equivalent down here on earth
this is the underwater version of the
ISS this is called Aquarius and this is
the last remaining on the sea
laboratories in a whopping 20 meters on
the water and funding discovery in 2014
and luckily University Florida stepped
up its carrying room took over the
facility and this is currently where a
lot of our research is being carried out
so currently the world record for living
in this underwater facility is 31 days
whoa because living on the water is
actually really really horrible
experience so again if we look at what
goes on to people when they live in a
pressurized environment on the water for
a long period of time all kinds of
really strange things happen that you
wouldn’t normally think and the main
problem that all aquanauts
learn about is the fact we just can’t
get dry everything is where the
atmosphere is a hundred percent humidity
water drips off absolutely everything
everything turns moldy and it drives
them absolutely crazy so as a result
infections arrive things like getting
horrible ear infections if you get cut
then that can go septic really really
easily because things just aren’t dry
and as a result yet never be actual
clothes are wet on you and they rub on
you and this is having to live for a
month with nappy rash I think that
descends horrific but you also get
really bad skin you get acne plays up
because of the pressurized atmosphere
because of this moisture but then you’re
not getting your sunlight so you start
getting reduced vitamin D you’ll become
very pale and it’s a little bit
depressing but then breathing in this
pressure
atmosphere the whole time just strange
things as well a lot of acronyms a
report a loss of taste a lot of smell
and they don’t know that this is because
of the increase in pressure pressure air
that we breathe or whether it’s because
of the human atmosphere nitrogen
narcosis sounds like quite a good
funding if anyone’s ever been scuba
diving when we breathe nitrogen nitrogen
in under pressure actually causes you to
get drunk and so a lot of people who
visited this facility commented on the
fact that everyone was just walking
around basically insanely drunk the
whole time
is even even in the very euphoric state
so also get this thing pulmonary
toxicity where when breathing
pressurized air for a prolonged period
of time and actually damages your lungs
and then we’ve got decompression
sickness which is coming from the bends
and so if one of them were to just leave
that pressurized environment but out
decompressing and go up to the surface
they would get air bubbles forming
nitrogen bubbles forming in their blood
and which cause blockages you can get
blood bursting out of your tear ducts
and your nose and you can cause brain
aneurysms so really really nasty and so
that’s one of the reasons why going and
living underwater for long period of
time is worse than it is in outer space
but then we’ve got the seawater itself
which is insanely corrosive to metals
put together this is mild steel and
stainless steel put side by side and it
sets up an electrolytic cell is set up a
battery and the less reactive metal will
stay and the more reactive metal stopped
visiting away until
and for this reason that’s why
shipwrecks start rusting away really
quickly we don’t have a shipwreck too
much older than 50 60 years because they
stopped dissolving into the sea
conversely up in outer space we’ve got
satellites that were put there in 1970s
and they’re still working with this day
with hardly any maintenance at all
so the ocean is a very unforgiving place
so I thought okay so let’s look at the
money that spends in these two
environments so I’m going to compare the
budget in the blue corner for the
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration in the United States
versus master which is the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration and
so what I’ve done is I’ve calibrated
this so this was of money that’s
approximately 20 million dollars okay so
that’s roughly what is spent on
exploration in both of these
organizations so for atmospheres and
oceans to explore those two environments
we’ve got 20 million dollars which
sounds like quite a lot and when we
prepare to mess up each one of these is
20 million dollars so what I just like
to comment on that amazing PowerPoint
animation we’ve got quite a lot of money
which is going towards space exploration
there and I think that is one of the
biggest problems is that we are just not
investing in going to explore our oceans
and this is a really strange idea
because we live on a blue planet and
we’ve got a planet earth it should
really be called planet water and this
is a picture of the Pacific and it’s
incredible if we look at the surface
area here 29 percent of it is covered by
land and 71% of it is covered in water
which is absolutely mental but that is
looking at it from a humanistic point of
view and that’s just looking at the
surface what we need to think about is
the fact that the oceans are
three-dimensional
and if they’re on average three and a
half kilometres deep we need to start
looking at the oceans not as a thin
layer but as a deep thick layer in three
dimensions and then if we look at our
earth in terms of habitable space then
habitable space on this planet warm
percent of
in Midland and 99% of it is ocean in
terms of habitable space we have
currently explored 5% of our ocean which
means that but we don’t know what is in
94 percent of our own planet which is
the same idea when we’re already trying
to send people to Mars when we don’t
even know what we’ve got here on earth
so I’m going to leave you now with a
quote from a TED talk from 2005 this is
the guy from Graham Hawkes he is a
submarine engineer he was talking about
redesigning submarines and he had this I
just thought I’d just be paraphrasing
him if I made up and tried to say
something he said in a very eloquent
fashion and what he said was we fried
billions of dollars into the void and
ignoring a rich frontier much closer to
home
Earth’s oceans there are wash with
unknown life unclaimed territory and
immense natural resources perhaps the
future of mankind
is an adman space but in our sea we sum
it up much more succinctly when you said
your Rockets are pointed in the wrong
goddamn direction
talking back to my favorite things
travel to the ocean and space so here’s
a picture of ocean space combined to let
me know why I wanted to come here and
talk to you about ocean space I trained
as an ocean on the bus and I spent a lot
of time going out on boats and measuring
the sea and then I switched to teaching
and I became a physics teacher and
swimming teacher
this is me on a strike when the school
cuts first came in and we’ve got a
posture the last two years I’ve been
learning these two things together and
we’re going into schools sometimes
dressed as a pirate with the life-size
and play to the killer whale and people
about the sea and the size of curriculum
and the more and more I went into
schools
I just realized actually much about the
ocean that see I was having a game or
children’s – real pursuit in a pub and I
was with my friends at and the question
came up what were the first men on the
moon and I’m really read I was like
obvious is really easy they’re going to
get this right but what they actually
said was Lance Armstrong and Buzz like
what we actually know is they are these
guys we’ve got near Armstrong they’ve
got resolved in the car in the middle is
kind of a lesser-known driver we’ve done
that was still really important in the
Apollo 11 missions and we started with
Mike Collins and he holds the record for
being the loneliest person that there
has ever been
it was his job to orbit the moon or the
other two guys walked around I never got
all the credit and it was his job to run
the group the lunar module again under
take them back to earth but he would
take him two hours of orbit the moon I’m
45 minutes in every two hours meant he
was on the far side of the Moon and out
of contact the rest of the human race
so if we look at this incredible graph
which I’ve formulated of people what
have been there if we look at my people
into space we’ve got 536 people that
people that have been to the moon that’s
24 we got told people walking their
murderous orbited it people have been to
the deepest point on the bottom our
ocean we’ve got a whopping three people
which is I think absolutely unbelievable
and I was like why is this why is it
that we’re so so many people gonna say
just a few have gone to the bottom of
our ocean and this is what I’ve started
to researchers stop and look at as to
why there’s this massive discrepancy um
so we can see something I am senior
there Donnelly winger soon all over the
place just driving around with proper
equipment young good gas mix you can go
down to about 500 meters maximum and if
you go down one of these snazzy suit
this is a diving suit and you can go
down to about 700 meters I mean if you
are in a submarine when one or two you
better go down to about 280 meters and
many people mad if pressure would exceed
that what your submarine could be
capable of withstanding it would be
crushed and you’d see the bottom die a
little bit like in that suit and record
for the nuclear submarines and naval
submarines is the Sea Wolf clubs in the
space we can go now about 750 meters so
about here then we slice through the
ocean a cross-section here and we can
see actually that when we used to think
you’ve a very really deep seven window
completely means is really deep but we
are only scratching the surface so it
mostly naval submarines can only go down
to about that death and then we’ve got
the average ocean depth three and a half
thousand meters we’re not even going
anywhere near that and that’s not when
will you stop sorry that’s when you
start to look at the deepest point on
that the challenger deep the Marianas
Trench and this is a point in
on the water a place so dark and so
dangerous that only three people have
ever been there and so at the height of
the space race we have these guys Swiss
person called Jacques Piccard and an
American guy called Don Walsh and they
built this submarine called the the
Trieste and it looks pretty big but they
were actually squeezed into that small
circle that sphere at the bottom of it
well they were done the rest of the rest
of the craft was filled with a ballast
they did this and it was fun I just
picked off the list laughter boy what
I’m worried about doing that again no
one did it again until James Cameron and
film director used his money that he got
from one of his incredible films like
Terminator 2 and he built his own eight
million pounds right $18 submarine and
he became the third person ever to reach
crazy
so we’re thinking about work that’s
quite a lot eight million but then if we
look at what it takes to get to these
different environments actually takes
quite a lot this picture of the southern
part of it and it is an incredible piece
of machinery I was lucky enough to go to
Sears it became the Space Center a
couple of years ago and one of the
things that’s quite often overlooked
this is the thing that wheels are out
there and this is the
crawler-transporter incredible piece of
Kevin you can see and there with the
picture of the car and then people mix
that how big this thing is and it goes
as a top speed of 1 mile an hour and an
amazing fuel efficiency of 13 meters per
gallon so the prices I’ve put on here
I’ve changed to pounds because we’re in
England and I’ve organized them –
they’re put modern-day equipment so
that’s how much just the thing to wheel
the rocket out costs and then when we
look at the rocket itself this is an
incredible thing 2.6 billion per rocket
that is mainly fueling just to get the
tiny topic into outer space and this
giant fuel canisters
effectively is has been a whopping fuel
efficiency of 18 centimeters per gallon
which makes it swell record being the
worst fuel efficiency on her incredible
but that is some serious technology to
go into outer space and this is why
because the moon is quite far away from
Earth you don’t often see it portrayed
like this but this is a scale picture of
if this is helping the moon would be in
comparison and that is 240,000 miles it
takes quite a while to get to the moon
it takes approximately two days to get
into the lunar orbit but then they had
all but for another two days before they
were able to land on the moon itself and
that was the fastest anyone has done it
this is the problem and subsequent
missions so we’re like okay well
obviously it’s hard to get into space
when you expensive stuff you know
submarine you just go down and it’s
easier to get to the moon
so this is James Cameron hanging out in
his submarine anyone’s a nice barmy 24
degrees centigrade for room temperature
well we look at the temperature extremes
that we get in the ocean the warmest
days from being will be 27 degrees the
Congress that they will be – – I mean
you could say if you go down to some
size of the actor there is where we’ve
got hydrothermal vents the water and
that can be up to 600 degree centigrade
but I’m discounting that because you’d
be silly to drive your submarine into
battery in outer space you’ve got a
completely different thing going on here
and this is probably one of the biggest
challenges of space travel is that if
you’re trying to keep the last 24
degrees centigrade room temperature
inside your spaceship the depths of
space are only three degrees above
absolute zero which is an which is
almost the coldest temperature that you
can possibly get but it means that the
side facing the Sun has got no
atmosphere so that gets insanely hot and
so this mass
the difference between or anything
you’ve engineered into outer space
that’s what they help to withstand these
extreme temperatures um so then I was
like I know what’s going to be the
cincher and that is going to be the
pressure so if I get a balloon balloon
up and currently that balloon and all of
us are at atmospheric pressure but one
atmosphere or pressure pressing down on
us all that waves of air we don’t feel
it because we have evolved with it but
just ten meters on the water that
pressure doubles because water is so
much denser than air so just ten meters
under water I’m exposed to that space of
pressure so I would take my balloon down
that deep the volume of that balloon
would go to half of a on the surface by
taking down another 10 meters to 20
meters on the water and now I’m on the
three atmospheres of pressure and the
volume of the balloon will be compressed
to a third of what it is on the surface
40 meter mark is really important to
people to do free diving because of that
depth your lungs get compressed to the
size of your fists and you stop being a
neutrally buoyant so if you deep sink
any deeper than that you actually have
to expend energy to swing back up so
your lungs can then start expanding and
you can flow to the surface anything
that you sink like a stone so this time
I fear a pressure place I’ve been wrong
and we’ve only looked at it in terms of
like 40 50 meters and if we start
looking at the point and the Marianas
Trench well you’re going to have 11,000
meters of water pressing down with you
the pressure there is absolutely
unbelievable so what we’re going to do
is we’re going to imagine a cube of
water and this is fresh water so the
cuban water
it weighs approximately it’s on the
stick water weighs a little bit more and
about thousands of kilograms because of
the salt and if we imagine this giant
stack of these cubes one on top of the
other one on top of the other building
up and building up for 11,000 meters in
imagine on that square then we’re going
to have 11,000 tons
pressing down on that square meter and
what that translates
to draw a little centimeter box
centimeter by centimeter box on my hand
on every centimeter square of my body I
have over a tongue and pressing down on
me which is an absolutely mental amount
of pressure it’s such a a massive amount
of pressure that had Jack Picard had
gone watch James Cameron had their
submarines had got a hole in it then the
water would have sprayed England’s
amongst pressure they would have been
able to cut them in half like a lace
thing and if their submarine had failed
and the water running all the one go
they would have been terms of human
smoothly in less than a second so in
outer space pressure is much much easier
because you just got to keep one
atmosphere inverse that zero atmospheres
that you’ve got outside you’ve got so
you just start a pressure differential
of one atmosphere you have got the same
pressure differential in your submarine
of the water are just ten meters
underwater there you’ve got one
atmosphere you’re keeping you’ve got two
outer spheres on the outside so there’s
our one atmosphere in there’s two on the
outside and every 10 meters you go down
on the water that pressure is increasing
and increasing and this is one of the
reasons that it is so insanely difficult
to get the deep ocean because of this
pressure so then we’re going to see what
it’s like to look to live in these
places so this is an incredible one of
mankind’s most amazing feast the
International Space Station and a
priority international project that
we’re scientists we go up there and use
this and do experiments about how
mankind hopefully potentially
visit places further in space on the
moon and this thing costs fifteen
billion dollars and it is absolutely
amazing but one of the dangers in outer
space we don’t often think about is how
radioactive spaces so we have got the
giant star right near us our Sun and
this Sun is constantly spewing out child
charged particles of radiation we don’t
notice them down here on earth
we have an atmosphere to protect us but
we know when these things hit our earth
because that’s what causes the Aurora’s
of them all from the South Poles this is
when these charged particles interact
with our atmosphere and our
magnetosphere that’s these particles are
firing through space without the
protection of the atmosphere in outer
space as channels are constantly
bombarded by these charged particles to
the point when they’re trying to go to
sleep they see flashes of light on their
retinas form at the rain black spot who
is going through their eyes and
impacting upon their retinas and so for
this reason because space is so
radioactive and typically NASA doesn’t
allow astronauts up into space longer
than six months because of the long-term
health effects and so these long-term
health effects from being bombarded by
all this radiation can include things
like cataracts it can really affect your
eyes we can have things like an
increased risk of cancer that makes
sense but also the microgravity
environment plays havoc with the human
body as well so we have a battery our
bones start deteriorating and wasting
away because they’re not having to
support anything as our brother bones
start breaking down we get kidney stones
they’re trying to process that we’ve got
other things such as muscle loss
astronauts train up to four hours a day
to try and reduce the fact that they
don’t get their muscles aren’t being
used as much our heart does weird things
in space because it’s used to pumping
the ground against gravity and then all
of a sudden we start getting irregular
heartbeats and things like that we um
we’ve got mr. animal blood and we get we
become anemic things like that
completely messes around with us Arcadia
movement rhythms a national will orbit
the earth every 90 minutes so there’s no
concept really of night and day there
and it also messes around with your
muscular coordination
dimension people are still insurance and
why that happens so in looking in space
is quite hazardous for your health at
this point and the longest anyone’s ever
spent in space is 420 days which was a
record set by russian cosmonaut back in
1995 garden Valeri poly couple so this
is the equivalent down here on earth
this is the underwater version of the
ISS this is called Aquarius and this is
the last remaining on the sea
laboratories in a whopping 20 meters on
the water and funding discovery in 2014
and luckily University Florida stepped
up its carrying room took over the
facility and this is currently where a
lot of our research is being carried out
so currently the world record for living
in this underwater facility is 31 days
whoa because living on the water is
actually really really horrible
experience so again if we look at what
goes on to people when they live in a
pressurized environment on the water for
a long period of time all kinds of
really strange things happen that you
wouldn’t normally think and the main
problem that all aquanauts
learn about is the fact we just can’t
get dry everything is where the
atmosphere is a hundred percent humidity
water drips off absolutely everything
everything turns moldy and it drives
them absolutely crazy so as a result
infections arrive things like getting
horrible ear infections if you get cut
then that can go septic really really
easily because things just aren’t dry
and as a result yet never be actual
clothes are wet on you and they rub on
you and this is having to live for a
month with nappy rash I think that
descends horrific but you also get
really bad skin you get acne plays up
because of the pressurized atmosphere
because of this moisture but then you’re
not getting your sunlight so you start
getting reduced vitamin D you’ll become
very pale and it’s a little bit
depressing but then breathing in this
pressure
atmosphere the whole time just strange
things as well a lot of acronyms a
report a loss of taste a lot of smell
and they don’t know that this is because
of the increase in pressure pressure air
that we breathe or whether it’s because
of the human atmosphere nitrogen
narcosis sounds like quite a good
funding if anyone’s ever been scuba
diving when we breathe nitrogen nitrogen
in under pressure actually causes you to
get drunk and so a lot of people who
visited this facility commented on the
fact that everyone was just walking
around basically insanely drunk the
whole time
is even even in the very euphoric state
so also get this thing pulmonary
toxicity where when breathing
pressurized air for a prolonged period
of time and actually damages your lungs
and then we’ve got decompression
sickness which is coming from the bends
and so if one of them were to just leave
that pressurized environment but out
decompressing and go up to the surface
they would get air bubbles forming
nitrogen bubbles forming in their blood
and which cause blockages you can get
blood bursting out of your tear ducts
and your nose and you can cause brain
aneurysms so really really nasty and so
that’s one of the reasons why going and
living underwater for long period of
time is worse than it is in outer space
but then we’ve got the seawater itself
which is insanely corrosive to metals
put together this is mild steel and
stainless steel put side by side and it
sets up an electrolytic cell is set up a
battery and the less reactive metal will
stay and the more reactive metal stopped
visiting away until
and for this reason that’s why
shipwrecks start rusting away really
quickly we don’t have a shipwreck too
much older than 50 60 years because they
stopped dissolving into the sea
conversely up in outer space we’ve got
satellites that were put there in 1970s
and they’re still working with this day
with hardly any maintenance at all
so the ocean is a very unforgiving place
so I thought okay so let’s look at the
money that spends in these two
environments so I’m going to compare the
budget in the blue corner for the
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration in the United States
versus master which is the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration and
so what I’ve done is I’ve calibrated
this so this was of money that’s
approximately 20 million dollars okay so
that’s roughly what is spent on
exploration in both of these
organizations so for atmospheres and
oceans to explore those two environments
we’ve got 20 million dollars which
sounds like quite a lot and when we
prepare to mess up each one of these is
20 million dollars so what I just like
to comment on that amazing PowerPoint
animation we’ve got quite a lot of money
which is going towards space exploration
there and I think that is one of the
biggest problems is that we are just not
investing in going to explore our oceans
and this is a really strange idea
because we live on a blue planet and
we’ve got a planet earth it should
really be called planet water and this
is a picture of the Pacific and it’s
incredible if we look at the surface
area here 29 percent of it is covered by
land and 71% of it is covered in water
which is absolutely mental but that is
looking at it from a humanistic point of
view and that’s just looking at the
surface what we need to think about is
the fact that the oceans are
three-dimensional
and if they’re on average three and a
half kilometres deep we need to start
looking at the oceans not as a thin
layer but as a deep thick layer in three
dimensions and then if we look at our
earth in terms of habitable space then
habitable space on this planet warm
percent of
in Midland and 99% of it is ocean in
terms of habitable space we have
currently explored 5% of our ocean which
means that but we don’t know what is in
94 percent of our own planet which is
the same idea when we’re already trying
to send people to Mars when we don’t
even know what we’ve got here on earth
so I’m going to leave you now with a
quote from a TED talk from 2005 this is
the guy from Graham Hawkes he is a
submarine engineer he was talking about
redesigning submarines and he had this I
just thought I’d just be paraphrasing
him if I made up and tried to say
something he said in a very eloquent
fashion and what he said was we fried
billions of dollars into the void and
ignoring a rich frontier much closer to
home
Earth’s oceans there are wash with
unknown life unclaimed territory and
immense natural resources perhaps the
future of mankind
is an adman space but in our sea we sum
it up much more succinctly when you said
your Rockets are pointed in the wrong
goddamn direction
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