[Music]
good evening I was raised in the hemisphere
south and so I was exposed to my more
early childhood to the wonders to heaven of
the southern hemisphere
indeed our galaxy the milky way
is much more beautiful view of the south because
that’s where we can see the regions
central we also see in
the southern hemisphere
the two closest galaxies to
our galaxy which are the two small
tasks that you see there below that
are called magellan clouds that’s
also in the southern hemisphere that one
can see a wonderful constellation
emblematic the southern cross
this southern cross illuminated I would say
but him during my camp when
I was a teenager and it all
made you want to understand how
works the universe and to become has
official and I was lucky enough to
able to become one and keep this
emblem of the Southern Cross since I
been brought to direct the waters the waters
which is the big European body that
has observatories for astronomers
in the southern hemisphere and which has
like a bowl the southern cross lead them
the waters between 1999 and 2007
and it allowed me to go back
the southern hemisphere and go to the net in
effect when the waters decided to make
observatories they looked for
the clearest skies in the world and they
found them in the desert
of the atacama the built oyats
successively three observatories of which
the first contains a 3060 telescope
who is a very big discoverer
exoplanet
the second is the one you see
in this photo it’s called
the paranal mount observatory which
contains four 8-meter telescopes
of diameter called the vlt very
wide telescope
and this set is the best together
of
and scop the world and gets some
extraordinary results and I got
the chance to be if she who has
could supervise the end of construction
vlt setting up instruments
the departure of the observations and it was
obviously absolutely exciting then
you have to know that in astronomy
most often discoveries are only
not just done with an instrument or
a telescope
otherwise it is the continuation of several
different observations for example
since we are talking about exoplanets
was said in my introduction and the
exoplanets we recognize now
over 5000 the vast majority are
very very big like jupiter again
bigger but we start from
some years we also found
as small as our land and in
particular a year or two ago there is a
group of Belgian astronomers with a small
telescope it’s on the first
observatory of the waters that found
a system around a star of a
tiny star one star ten times
smaller than the sun what we
calls a red dwarf a system with
this planet all seven in
masses comparable to the mass of the earth
then immediately all the instruments
of the world who could do things
interesting on this subject have
planted on it and we have come a long way
so obviously there is a nice t there is
had also instruments that are in
space because you know you
can astronomical in space we have
could determine their mass their distances
compared to their star and we got to
report that among the seven
it y had two that were a
such a distance as if it had been
the water the water there would have been form
liquid salt are too close to the water
evaporate
they are too far away logel nothing there she
would be in liquid form which
obviously the case on earth that was
given in time as the great
habitability conditions
today we know that it is not enough
that this condition tyan but that’s
still something that makes you
think maybe that’s
interesting to take a closer look
maybe one day you’ll tone
balance of planets of this type
and so I can tell you that every
future instruments
they studied this system which is called
trappists a very very close so what
system it’s still at 40
light-years away from us it’s not very
very far for an astronomer but that’s
still not listened to what is there
more closely there is near the centaur
and there the telescope of 3 m 62 the waters has
discovered that around proxima of the
centaur there is also a planet of
mass comparable to the mass of the earth
it’s also a red dwarf star
so a situation quite similar
and there it is four light years away
that’s what we can have closer
and so again I can tell you that
all the new telescopes we
build let’s go study more
near this system and we will surely hear
talk for a long time so this says
we can not do anything with the
visible light when we want to understand
the universe universally loved lights has
many wavelengths and the
astronomers working since the airwaves
them the most energetic rays
gamma to the least energy
that is to say the radio waves and each
wavelength range allows you
to learn different things
especially if one is interested in the
question of star formation and
planets
so we want to go look at
inside big clouds of gas and
of dust and its clouds absorbs the
visible light so anyway in
the visible
we will not see these are regions that
are a lot colder which will put some
longer wavelengths that’s
interesting to observe them between
wavelengths between 0.3 micron and
1 cm the problem is that this light
there she comes to us since the
stars and we must not cross this
going on to happen to us and
the atmosphere does everything to stop it and
especially the water vapor in
the atmosphere absorb these radiations
and that’s why in general we get
said the only way to do that is
to go into space
if we have actually launched
artificial satellites with
instruments for pc observation but on
an artificial satellite you can not
put huge telescope and quentin tesco
it’s as if you want
collect rainwater if you have
a little jump you ‘ll have a little bit
water
if you want to pick up a lot of men
would put a big jump great care on
can not be in space we wanted
so be able to do that on earth and we
started looking for a place on
land where we could make
observations at these wavelengths there
so what did you need
of atmosphere especially little water vapor
astronomers from united states the
astronomers of Europe the astronomers of
japan began to look were coming
all found a single place in the
world and this is the carpenter’s jannou
who is so again in the desert
from the dad atacama right next to
observatories previous to lezo morgan
in the dance themselves enormous desert
so the observers I’m telling you
spoke earlier are to
altitudes that are only between 2500
and 2600 meters in a slap but we
wants to have very little water vapor and
to go much higher so we are 5000
meters of altitude
at the same time you had to have a
big area because that’s
these observatories contain several
telescopes and the precision that we are going
to drink in the sky depends on the
separation between these various telescopes
if we want a great precision in the
heaven we must be able to remove them by
example about fifteen kilometers so
it needed a 5 mm tray and that
actually on the famous altiplano
waves or bags so that’s it
the plateau of thierry thaure surrounded
of two volcanoes that still have 1000
meters more above this plateau
the problem is that there obviously he
there is twice less oxygen here so
it’s still not very easy to
work so already mounted all to
build the what is today the
largest observatory of the world in
These conditions
it seemed crazy and yet we
did it and in the matches
following
you see the inauguration in 2013 of this
observatory
it was obviously necessary to find him a name
and it’s very simple since it’s a
set of telescopes tease us
English atacama large millimeter array
we use English because this project
is not just a network project
it’s an international project since
it’s so vast and there was
also united states canada and
several Asian countries
so alma it’s also halm and
German in Spanish that means am he
seems to us a name quite appropriate
for this wonderful instrument
when we will take a closer look at what
looks like the telescope of alma one surrenders
account that obviously these lengths
of wave there must be used
radio astronomy techniques it’s up to
to say that we do not use telescopes
like what I showed you for the
men and antennas that looks
quite at the antennas to be a
communication that you all know
just those there are a lot more
precise as the wavelengths are
race it takes a surface
extremely fine extremely accurate and
we must also follow the movements of a
bike is a feat of the technique
to build its antennas and the
run the 5000 m then
do we have 66 almost everything with
diameters of 12 meters and all
together
it must form an instrument and for
this must be put together
results of all its antennas and therefore
there is also at 5000 m a place where we
have a super calculator unique to
world that in real time picks up all
these data and transforms all of this is
ended up taking you out an image
so we’ll have an example here if we do not
wonders how
form the planets how are formed
the planets
so here I show you an image that
may not seem so
interesting next to other Belgian
images that you have in astronomy
and yet it is a feat
extraordinary I can tell you that
the entire astronomical community
world is absolutely in love with
this picture because that’s it
represent
it’s a very very young star
star still in training at the center is
surrounded by a disc of gas
dust very cold and it’s in this
record that will be formed the planets to
as time passes the disc gets
dissipates some of the dust of
120 gas and the rest will smell under
shape of planets or belt
of asteroids and there you see the moment
where the planets are forming
there it can be formed it cleans
all there is in his
course
other things that can be done with
calm enough of the spectroscopy
that is to say we can try to study
what are the constituents of what we
look and for that we break down the
light in all these little elements and
we receive the signature of the elements
chemicals or molecules or atoms
that binds to in the object we are studying
so alma is able to do that same
with guys there are galaxies
far away what is here and find there
molecules that can sometimes be
complicated organic molecules that
we call bricks of life
it’s probably from there
that formed the molecules of the
life in another example that I wanted
show you
we found molecules that we
thought until then to be the result of the
life not the bricks of the abyss at
otherwise it would not appear when it
are already living and yet it has
found close to a star in
formation in our galaxy
it was also found on the
comet that the rosetta probe to commit
that day are steps recently
look so you see we have a lot
surprises
that’s how with alma we already have
a lot of young people results
have them some of the results on
awaits a lot more with alma us
let’s understand how this
are not only forming the stars and
the planets but how are
assembled all the galaxies and this on
the whole history of the universe because
thanks to its great sensitivity
we can look at very objects
far and so we see as he
was at the moment of observation there are
now 10 billion
or 12 billion years ago we have
surprises we discover that even in
very distant galaxies ie
that the universe was very young there
already had black holes absolutely
gigantic that have masses
comparable billions of times the
mass of the sun and that really is a
total surprise
and finally we have very projects
ambitious like for example with the help
of alma and a large number of
telescopes around the world
try to make the image of the shadow of the
central black hole that ‘s in our
others the version is much more
small but much closer and that’s
still a dream we have
[Applause]
good evening I was raised in the hemisphere
south and so I was exposed to my more
early childhood to the wonders to heaven of
the southern hemisphere
indeed our galaxy the milky way
is much more beautiful view of the south because
that’s where we can see the regions
central we also see in
the southern hemisphere
the two closest galaxies to
our galaxy which are the two small
tasks that you see there below that
are called magellan clouds that’s
also in the southern hemisphere that one
can see a wonderful constellation
emblematic the southern cross
this southern cross illuminated I would say
but him during my camp when
I was a teenager and it all
made you want to understand how
works the universe and to become has
official and I was lucky enough to
able to become one and keep this
emblem of the Southern Cross since I
been brought to direct the waters the waters
which is the big European body that
has observatories for astronomers
in the southern hemisphere and which has
like a bowl the southern cross lead them
the waters between 1999 and 2007
and it allowed me to go back
the southern hemisphere and go to the net in
effect when the waters decided to make
observatories they looked for
the clearest skies in the world and they
found them in the desert
of the atacama the built oyats
successively three observatories of which
the first contains a 3060 telescope
who is a very big discoverer
exoplanet
the second is the one you see
in this photo it’s called
the paranal mount observatory which
contains four 8-meter telescopes
of diameter called the vlt very
wide telescope
and this set is the best together
of
and scop the world and gets some
extraordinary results and I got
the chance to be if she who has
could supervise the end of construction
vlt setting up instruments
the departure of the observations and it was
obviously absolutely exciting then
you have to know that in astronomy
most often discoveries are only
not just done with an instrument or
a telescope
otherwise it is the continuation of several
different observations for example
since we are talking about exoplanets
was said in my introduction and the
exoplanets we recognize now
over 5000 the vast majority are
very very big like jupiter again
bigger but we start from
some years we also found
as small as our land and in
particular a year or two ago there is a
group of Belgian astronomers with a small
telescope it’s on the first
observatory of the waters that found
a system around a star of a
tiny star one star ten times
smaller than the sun what we
calls a red dwarf a system with
this planet all seven in
masses comparable to the mass of the earth
then immediately all the instruments
of the world who could do things
interesting on this subject have
planted on it and we have come a long way
so obviously there is a nice t there is
had also instruments that are in
space because you know you
can astronomical in space we have
could determine their mass their distances
compared to their star and we got to
report that among the seven
it y had two that were a
such a distance as if it had been
the water the water there would have been form
liquid salt are too close to the water
evaporate
they are too far away logel nothing there she
would be in liquid form which
obviously the case on earth that was
given in time as the great
habitability conditions
today we know that it is not enough
that this condition tyan but that’s
still something that makes you
think maybe that’s
interesting to take a closer look
maybe one day you’ll tone
balance of planets of this type
and so I can tell you that every
future instruments
they studied this system which is called
trappists a very very close so what
system it’s still at 40
light-years away from us it’s not very
very far for an astronomer but that’s
still not listened to what is there
more closely there is near the centaur
and there the telescope of 3 m 62 the waters has
discovered that around proxima of the
centaur there is also a planet of
mass comparable to the mass of the earth
it’s also a red dwarf star
so a situation quite similar
and there it is four light years away
that’s what we can have closer
and so again I can tell you that
all the new telescopes we
build let’s go study more
near this system and we will surely hear
talk for a long time so this says
we can not do anything with the
visible light when we want to understand
the universe universally loved lights has
many wavelengths and the
astronomers working since the airwaves
them the most energetic rays
gamma to the least energy
that is to say the radio waves and each
wavelength range allows you
to learn different things
especially if one is interested in the
question of star formation and
planets
so we want to go look at
inside big clouds of gas and
of dust and its clouds absorbs the
visible light so anyway in
the visible
we will not see these are regions that
are a lot colder which will put some
longer wavelengths that’s
interesting to observe them between
wavelengths between 0.3 micron and
1 cm the problem is that this light
there she comes to us since the
stars and we must not cross this
going on to happen to us and
the atmosphere does everything to stop it and
especially the water vapor in
the atmosphere absorb these radiations
and that’s why in general we get
said the only way to do that is
to go into space
if we have actually launched
artificial satellites with
instruments for pc observation but on
an artificial satellite you can not
put huge telescope and quentin tesco
it’s as if you want
collect rainwater if you have
a little jump you ‘ll have a little bit
water
if you want to pick up a lot of men
would put a big jump great care on
can not be in space we wanted
so be able to do that on earth and we
started looking for a place on
land where we could make
observations at these wavelengths there
so what did you need
of atmosphere especially little water vapor
astronomers from united states the
astronomers of Europe the astronomers of
japan began to look were coming
all found a single place in the
world and this is the carpenter’s jannou
who is so again in the desert
from the dad atacama right next to
observatories previous to lezo morgan
in the dance themselves enormous desert
so the observers I’m telling you
spoke earlier are to
altitudes that are only between 2500
and 2600 meters in a slap but we
wants to have very little water vapor and
to go much higher so we are 5000
meters of altitude
at the same time you had to have a
big area because that’s
these observatories contain several
telescopes and the precision that we are going
to drink in the sky depends on the
separation between these various telescopes
if we want a great precision in the
heaven we must be able to remove them by
example about fifteen kilometers so
it needed a 5 mm tray and that
actually on the famous altiplano
waves or bags so that’s it
the plateau of thierry thaure surrounded
of two volcanoes that still have 1000
meters more above this plateau
the problem is that there obviously he
there is twice less oxygen here so
it’s still not very easy to
work so already mounted all to
build the what is today the
largest observatory of the world in
These conditions
it seemed crazy and yet we
did it and in the matches
following
you see the inauguration in 2013 of this
observatory
it was obviously necessary to find him a name
and it’s very simple since it’s a
set of telescopes tease us
English atacama large millimeter array
we use English because this project
is not just a network project
it’s an international project since
it’s so vast and there was
also united states canada and
several Asian countries
so alma it’s also halm and
German in Spanish that means am he
seems to us a name quite appropriate
for this wonderful instrument
when we will take a closer look at what
looks like the telescope of alma one surrenders
account that obviously these lengths
of wave there must be used
radio astronomy techniques it’s up to
to say that we do not use telescopes
like what I showed you for the
men and antennas that looks
quite at the antennas to be a
communication that you all know
just those there are a lot more
precise as the wavelengths are
race it takes a surface
extremely fine extremely accurate and
we must also follow the movements of a
bike is a feat of the technique
to build its antennas and the
run the 5000 m then
do we have 66 almost everything with
diameters of 12 meters and all
together
it must form an instrument and for
this must be put together
results of all its antennas and therefore
there is also at 5000 m a place where we
have a super calculator unique to
world that in real time picks up all
these data and transforms all of this is
ended up taking you out an image
so we’ll have an example here if we do not
wonders how
form the planets how are formed
the planets
so here I show you an image that
may not seem so
interesting next to other Belgian
images that you have in astronomy
and yet it is a feat
extraordinary I can tell you that
the entire astronomical community
world is absolutely in love with
this picture because that’s it
represent
it’s a very very young star
star still in training at the center is
surrounded by a disc of gas
dust very cold and it’s in this
record that will be formed the planets to
as time passes the disc gets
dissipates some of the dust of
120 gas and the rest will smell under
shape of planets or belt
of asteroids and there you see the moment
where the planets are forming
there it can be formed it cleans
all there is in his
course
other things that can be done with
calm enough of the spectroscopy
that is to say we can try to study
what are the constituents of what we
look and for that we break down the
light in all these little elements and
we receive the signature of the elements
chemicals or molecules or atoms
that binds to in the object we are studying
so alma is able to do that same
with guys there are galaxies
far away what is here and find there
molecules that can sometimes be
complicated organic molecules that
we call bricks of life
it’s probably from there
that formed the molecules of the
life in another example that I wanted
show you
we found molecules that we
thought until then to be the result of the
life not the bricks of the abyss at
otherwise it would not appear when it
are already living and yet it has
found close to a star in
formation in our galaxy
it was also found on the
comet that the rosetta probe to commit
that day are steps recently
look so you see we have a lot
surprises
that’s how with alma we already have
a lot of young people results
have them some of the results on
awaits a lot more with alma us
let’s understand how this
are not only forming the stars and
the planets but how are
assembled all the galaxies and this on
the whole history of the universe because
thanks to its great sensitivity
we can look at very objects
far and so we see as he
was at the moment of observation there are
now 10 billion
or 12 billion years ago we have
surprises we discover that even in
very distant galaxies ie
that the universe was very young there
already had black holes absolutely
gigantic that have masses
comparable billions of times the
mass of the sun and that really is a
total surprise
and finally we have very projects
ambitious like for example with the help
of alma and a large number of
telescopes around the world
try to make the image of the shadow of the
central black hole that ‘s in our
others the version is much more
small but much closer and that’s
still a dream we have
[Applause]
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