yes
[Applause]
there is attraction between us
there is an attraction there that exists
among the people who are here
in front
and me
but that attraction is much smaller
that the attraction between the
people who are sitting next to
other
see on the faces
and the attraction that there is with people
who are sitting there back
and me
it’s even smaller
exists
but they do not feel it
this attraction was first described by
isaac newton between 1600 1700 and in this
this attraction described in a book
fantastic that was called the principles
of natural philosophy describes the
gravitation the way how the
universe using circles and
triangles
and this book is fantastic and in this
book from this book
reaches certain conclusions of the
which we can rescue maybe two the
first is that this interaction is
attraction
it happens at a distance
and the second is that it happens so
snapshot
and this we thought more or less like 300
years and on that the general idea was based
of our description of the universe
at the beginning of 1900 Albert Einstein
He says
to postulate a new way of seeing the
universe and in this new way of seeing the
universe
among many things he describes that this
attraction between masses one
it’s not instantaneous but it moves like
as fast as we know
light at the speed of light and the
another thing is that it does not happen at a distance
but there is a middle between everything
in which this attraction is transmitted
this medium I call spacetime
and einstein there starts thinking what
big
let’s stop for a moment to think about
these little masses that we are all
us and think of great masses
think of something very big
and in addition to something very big something very
far
imagine
two stars almost dead
stellar remnants we call them the
black holes and these two holes
blacks are at some point in the
far away from here moving
extraordinarily fast and attracting
is getting more and more every time
closer until it will come a
moment in which these two holes
blacks become one
notorious BIG
and it turns out that when these two holes
blacks collide and form one more
large emit energy
This energy is called energy
gravitational and travel as I told you
for spacetime at the speed of
light millions and millions of years in
billions of kilometers
it turns out that when this happens they collide
these two black holes
scatter this energy this energy
travel the universe
and it takes these millions of years in
achieve practically everything
You can particularly reach our
planet the earth and when it reaches
planet deforms it not in a way
fantastic way
I would like to make a small precision
the gravitations are not the causes
of September 19 not because of
done we now know that this
large amount of energy that deforms
all
it deforms
very little that is so little more or
less like 10 million times more
small than a proton
think about this do not create a great
amount of mass two large holes
blacks come to deform the
space-time where we all live in
vibrations 10 million times more
small than a proton
how small is this good we are going to
see I want everyone to have in the
mind the next number 10 at least 24
something super small in our
scale 10 to 1 meters because we are
we are there the animals are
they eventually start to see some
insects I would like you to look at the
screen at the bottom right of
the screen is number 10 at least 4
10 at least 5 we want to reach 10 to the
minus 24 meters for that we have to
get past the virus barrier
the bacteria of genetic information
of some chromosomes of some
proteins
and go beyond, let’s think we have to
think breaking that atomic barrier go more
there every time to the smallest the
nuclei of the atoms
and beyond the particles more
elementary the things we call the
quarks
the smallest elements that we know
to nature there we go we ‘re just going
in 10 at least 19 eventually when
we get to 10 in the minus 24 we
we will be stating that we are among the
quarks and neutrinos
of this size are the vibrations that
two great stellar remnants
stellar provoke when touching and we
we can measure them
It turns out that since 1960 it started
plan in the collaboration of
scientists who had this goal
how to do to be able to measure these
small vibrations and then they are
it happened that we’re going to use a laser
that light we know everyone has a
laser at home and we emit the laser
immediately we divide it we do it
travel a kilometer distance what
we reflect this same distance and when
we divide it we reflect it we return it to
to combine
when we combine it
if we think that light is a wave what
we match in such a way that one
of the aces has a crest and the
another a valley remember that they are the
they taught many years ago
and when you make them match the sums
the result of zero is to say these
instruments that we call
interferometers are matched from
such way that they are insured where
no signal
when a gravitational wave passes through
these interferometers one of the arms
is elongated while another is contracted and
then the opposite process one of the
arms is contracted while another is
elongated and by doing this with this
frequency with which you are moving
begins to offset this signal
one of the most interesting things in
this is that the frequency with which
out of phase is exactly the same
frequency with which these two holes
blacks were approaching
collide and formed the most massive
and then somehow what
We are doing with these instruments
is to feel the shock the black holes
on earth we have a lot
of interferometers already working there
two in the USA that have the name of
the collaboration that is based on these
signs that is called secular in the state of
washington and in the state of louisiana
separated about ten thousand
kilometers also in operation is another
detector of three kilometers each of
the arms of three kilometers that is
in northern Italy and are in process
of production are in the process of
Indian lay construction in the north of
India and load another instrument that
will be in japan
think about this these interferometers
measure for each arm 4 km 3 km and achieve
distinguish the difference in its size in
the order of 10 million times more
small than a proton
it’s something extraordinary
The interesting thing about this is that as you
I said this gravitational radiation travels
at the speed of light
and when traveling at the speed of light
arrives at the same time as the information
astronomical that we have received all the
life the light
when this is beginning to happen
we started to describe our first
real radiation signals
gravitational in 2015 we had our
first detection the long collaboration
and virgo had this first detection a
extraordinarily small detection
that lasted about a tenth of a
second
that was the first discovery
a little bit later in 2015 there was another
signal a little bit longer as a
second and a half that is the one in
orange
and in 2017 another detection was had another
Detection pair is the one in pink
and in yellow
and until then everything was perfect between
other things had been described that
there were effectively systems are called
binary systems of two black holes
that coexisted rotated around a
common center
they combined and formed a more massive
that was something that was described in
paper but that had not been checked
and as I tell you the story was
fantastic
and it got better
why
in 2017
the first signal of a wave was detected
gravitational of this radiation
gravitational from two
neutron stars another remnant
stellar that is mainly
composed of neutrons and that is a lot
less massive than black holes
but that has a big difference and it’s
what
the neutron stars some of
they emit light
then check this because now
we have a distant object
with a lot of material that
emits light and gives us information with
light and this same that this same object
far away that emits gravitational waves
traveling at the same speed
and they arrive at exactly the same time
US
are two different natures of
information of the universe
we had been deaf throughout
our existence to this radiation that
vibrates we had been quite perceptive
in the light
now they call him the zoo of
information we pretend to have a great
amount of information from
stars stellar remnants like
black holes
we also have in the future ideas that
we could
and learn from neutron stars
this is called multi messenger astronomy
what do we expect
know what is inside of a
black hole
know how a star behaves
neutrons yes
one of the origins of the universe that
are limited to only
we probably received light
it is perhaps inconceivable what we
The future holds what is certain is that
the multi-messaging astronomy has already started
and there’s no going back
yes
[Music]
Yes Yes
[Applause]
there is attraction between us
there is an attraction there that exists
among the people who are here
in front
and me
but that attraction is much smaller
that the attraction between the
people who are sitting next to
other
see on the faces
and the attraction that there is with people
who are sitting there back
and me
it’s even smaller
exists
but they do not feel it
this attraction was first described by
isaac newton between 1600 1700 and in this
this attraction described in a book
fantastic that was called the principles
of natural philosophy describes the
gravitation the way how the
universe using circles and
triangles
and this book is fantastic and in this
book from this book
reaches certain conclusions of the
which we can rescue maybe two the
first is that this interaction is
attraction
it happens at a distance
and the second is that it happens so
snapshot
and this we thought more or less like 300
years and on that the general idea was based
of our description of the universe
at the beginning of 1900 Albert Einstein
He says
to postulate a new way of seeing the
universe and in this new way of seeing the
universe
among many things he describes that this
attraction between masses one
it’s not instantaneous but it moves like
as fast as we know
light at the speed of light and the
another thing is that it does not happen at a distance
but there is a middle between everything
in which this attraction is transmitted
this medium I call spacetime
and einstein there starts thinking what
big
let’s stop for a moment to think about
these little masses that we are all
us and think of great masses
think of something very big
and in addition to something very big something very
far
imagine
two stars almost dead
stellar remnants we call them the
black holes and these two holes
blacks are at some point in the
far away from here moving
extraordinarily fast and attracting
is getting more and more every time
closer until it will come a
moment in which these two holes
blacks become one
notorious BIG
and it turns out that when these two holes
blacks collide and form one more
large emit energy
This energy is called energy
gravitational and travel as I told you
for spacetime at the speed of
light millions and millions of years in
billions of kilometers
it turns out that when this happens they collide
these two black holes
scatter this energy this energy
travel the universe
and it takes these millions of years in
achieve practically everything
You can particularly reach our
planet the earth and when it reaches
planet deforms it not in a way
fantastic way
I would like to make a small precision
the gravitations are not the causes
of September 19 not because of
done we now know that this
large amount of energy that deforms
all
it deforms
very little that is so little more or
less like 10 million times more
small than a proton
think about this do not create a great
amount of mass two large holes
blacks come to deform the
space-time where we all live in
vibrations 10 million times more
small than a proton
how small is this good we are going to
see I want everyone to have in the
mind the next number 10 at least 24
something super small in our
scale 10 to 1 meters because we are
we are there the animals are
they eventually start to see some
insects I would like you to look at the
screen at the bottom right of
the screen is number 10 at least 4
10 at least 5 we want to reach 10 to the
minus 24 meters for that we have to
get past the virus barrier
the bacteria of genetic information
of some chromosomes of some
proteins
and go beyond, let’s think we have to
think breaking that atomic barrier go more
there every time to the smallest the
nuclei of the atoms
and beyond the particles more
elementary the things we call the
quarks
the smallest elements that we know
to nature there we go we ‘re just going
in 10 at least 19 eventually when
we get to 10 in the minus 24 we
we will be stating that we are among the
quarks and neutrinos
of this size are the vibrations that
two great stellar remnants
stellar provoke when touching and we
we can measure them
It turns out that since 1960 it started
plan in the collaboration of
scientists who had this goal
how to do to be able to measure these
small vibrations and then they are
it happened that we’re going to use a laser
that light we know everyone has a
laser at home and we emit the laser
immediately we divide it we do it
travel a kilometer distance what
we reflect this same distance and when
we divide it we reflect it we return it to
to combine
when we combine it
if we think that light is a wave what
we match in such a way that one
of the aces has a crest and the
another a valley remember that they are the
they taught many years ago
and when you make them match the sums
the result of zero is to say these
instruments that we call
interferometers are matched from
such way that they are insured where
no signal
when a gravitational wave passes through
these interferometers one of the arms
is elongated while another is contracted and
then the opposite process one of the
arms is contracted while another is
elongated and by doing this with this
frequency with which you are moving
begins to offset this signal
one of the most interesting things in
this is that the frequency with which
out of phase is exactly the same
frequency with which these two holes
blacks were approaching
collide and formed the most massive
and then somehow what
We are doing with these instruments
is to feel the shock the black holes
on earth we have a lot
of interferometers already working there
two in the USA that have the name of
the collaboration that is based on these
signs that is called secular in the state of
washington and in the state of louisiana
separated about ten thousand
kilometers also in operation is another
detector of three kilometers each of
the arms of three kilometers that is
in northern Italy and are in process
of production are in the process of
Indian lay construction in the north of
India and load another instrument that
will be in japan
think about this these interferometers
measure for each arm 4 km 3 km and achieve
distinguish the difference in its size in
the order of 10 million times more
small than a proton
it’s something extraordinary
The interesting thing about this is that as you
I said this gravitational radiation travels
at the speed of light
and when traveling at the speed of light
arrives at the same time as the information
astronomical that we have received all the
life the light
when this is beginning to happen
we started to describe our first
real radiation signals
gravitational in 2015 we had our
first detection the long collaboration
and virgo had this first detection a
extraordinarily small detection
that lasted about a tenth of a
second
that was the first discovery
a little bit later in 2015 there was another
signal a little bit longer as a
second and a half that is the one in
orange
and in 2017 another detection was had another
Detection pair is the one in pink
and in yellow
and until then everything was perfect between
other things had been described that
there were effectively systems are called
binary systems of two black holes
that coexisted rotated around a
common center
they combined and formed a more massive
that was something that was described in
paper but that had not been checked
and as I tell you the story was
fantastic
and it got better
why
in 2017
the first signal of a wave was detected
gravitational of this radiation
gravitational from two
neutron stars another remnant
stellar that is mainly
composed of neutrons and that is a lot
less massive than black holes
but that has a big difference and it’s
what
the neutron stars some of
they emit light
then check this because now
we have a distant object
with a lot of material that
emits light and gives us information with
light and this same that this same object
far away that emits gravitational waves
traveling at the same speed
and they arrive at exactly the same time
US
are two different natures of
information of the universe
we had been deaf throughout
our existence to this radiation that
vibrates we had been quite perceptive
in the light
now they call him the zoo of
information we pretend to have a great
amount of information from
stars stellar remnants like
black holes
we also have in the future ideas that
we could
and learn from neutron stars
this is called multi messenger astronomy
what do we expect
know what is inside of a
black hole
know how a star behaves
neutrons yes
one of the origins of the universe that
are limited to only
we probably received light
it is perhaps inconceivable what we
The future holds what is certain is that
the multi-messaging astronomy has already started
and there’s no going back
yes
[Music]
Yes Yes
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