good afternoon thank you for being here for
share these Friday moments of
October as if it were September or frost
if it was August almost the talk that you
I am going to give today to hope that it changes
our vision of how you make decisions
to change how you think you take these
decisions as of consistent you are in
your decisions of agreement and we
let’s fix on how the language and
You will see what I really mean
can make us less
consistent of what we really believe
that we agree but before
get into it and I think in this
audience might not be necessary
let me tell you a bit about
language knowledge situation
that’s a map of europe in which
we find the striped areas those
areas where there are two own languages
cohabiting according to who is the
English language franca frame to it
we would be all striped then
this what comes shows
that most people over 50 of
people speak two languages communicate
in two languages
it’s not a really special issue what
better if you are in birmingham is
Special if you’re English if you’re Indian
you certainly do not come from any other
culture not and when you go to other countries
especially to other continents like
is Africa is really the normal thing what
normal is being able to communicate in
marte a language and in fact it is not a
experience that comes with the
globalization has nothing to do with
globalization is an experience
really old people lived with
different languages that were
with different languages of agreement and
we have the rosetta stone that well
you know the stone that helped decipher
the hieroglyphics and we have three or three
different waters or hieroglyphics the
demotic writing and the ancient Greek and
also in our country although that
seem at this moment surprising
for some political party the first
text in Spanish is a text
trilingual in which we find annotations
in Latin in Spanish a form of
old Castilian
and in Basque and in fact also that
question of social interest the fact of
bilingualism here you have the google in
grant that account let’s say the frequency
with which words appear in books and
in different types of texts what
we find is the relative frequency
with what the word appears
bilingualism and multilingualism what
you can see is that from the years
50 That’s the number has gone up the
relative frequency people talk more
of the phenomenon of bilingualism
and we can approximate this question
making them a multitude of questions that
some sure to make us come to the
head from time to time for example as
a baby like a baby that is in a
bilingual cot a bilingual cot one
cradle where the input receives the baby is in
two languages we see the one that mom talks about
one dad tongue another or you both talk
to the two how is the
Bilingual baby’s brain to separate
those two languages and acquire the
knowledge of each of them without
to mount a huge mess is a
question we can do we know that
people do it because friends in
barcelona most of a large number
of cribs are bilingual cures too
we can ask that question of how
affects that bilingual experience to the
brain language organization is
say how we are able to control
the two languages how are we capable of
do what I am doing now
same as controlling my Catalan
Italian my English and what to confuse me
continually
and what a difference is the brain has with
the brain of a monolingual speaker
because we also ask
about that gymnastics that I continue
I do when I’m trying to put
reins to the languages but to mix them
how much that is a gym
mental that can have consequences
for other cognitive activities like
it could be the attention or how it could be
executive control we could
ask ourselves if that gymnastics we do
then it has benefits for the
that we call the cognitive reserve for
to be active is the cognitive decline that
comes associated with the abacc and not all
the world experiences it in the same way
the cognitive decline that came
associated with diseases
neurodegenerative diseases and not everyone
experience in the same way we could
see if that gymnastics helps certain
that certain cognitives appear
symptoms appear later and today
we are not going to do any of those
questions that will be for another talk if
you want today we’re going to ask a question and
I’m going to introduce it with three large
figures
of the last century and this century and we’re going
to ask the question of how the context
linguistic can affect our
emotions and how that can lead to
affect the decisions we make
and there is no one better to send it when
tells us that when you talk to a
man in a language that understands the
message reaches your brain to your head and
you speak to him in his language reaches his
heart
in fact mandela learned the language of
enemy basically the enemy that what
put the 27 year old in jail what
he learned justly to be able
communicate with the people who had it
prisoner in the most direct way
before bande we have people who already
had a feeling of that kind that
he tells us Freud and the patients
will change their foreign language when they speak
of emotionally stressful passages
it’s as if when I change English in
a stressful eating situation
let’s say you see me detail or dehesa of
that stressful situation is as if not
they suffer it looks so intensely and already
we see that this idea that emotions
may depend on the linguistic context
has been advanced by several people including
for the people one of the
most important characters of the century
this is alexander coast is my son
second we were discussing because I do not know
I said the homework is not over
green beans I do not know what it was then
I always spoke to him in Catalan and
at the time changes the Castilian said
dad in spanish no and that means
that you are very angry in agreement is
the same was eaten the bean was punished
well then beyond the great philosopher
alexander coast we have evidence a
a little bit thinner and that’s evidence that
we have from one study for example in the
that put people read harry potter and
put it to read it in German the language
mother of these participants or in
English and we watch the activation of the
amygdala in passages that are
emotionally
multiply
activated that is emotionally active
and what we find is that the
activation of a brain structure
which is the amygdala is a structure that
responds a lot to emotional situations
is smaller when that is happens they are read
in the foreign language in the language
foreign, even though all the
participants understand what they are
reading what they understand well they do not feel
same and in fact if we go to the
classics we can look at what we
said platón here we have the cuadrilla
of platón in which we had in both
horses that are positive impulses
and the negative impulses noble impulses
the impulses and nobles and the reason
trying to control those two impulses
and in fact we know that theories
current decision making long ago
emphasis on what is intuition and what
which is analytical thinking is worth
as the two great forces that guide
our decisions
to intuition it would seem to be very
commented on emotionally situations
tall
and to explain the other types of
studies we do we are going to make a
game let’s move on from here of the
cosmocaixa to the casino match gentlemen
let’s have a game in which
you are going to have to pay one euro
to start paying for it, I’ll later
everyone will pay everyone to be a
euro and let’s have a currency let’s
play heads and tails if it comes out face you have
two euros fifty
and if it comes out cross, I’ll keep it all
and who has to play
who wants to play 12
3. 4. 5
67 very few people the others should be
thinking and his grandmother with the one he was saying
that she is worth more bird in hand than
hundred flying now good sometimes not to
Sometimes it is better to be known bad than
good to know
well sometimes not and that what what
reflects is that if it were homo
economicus, that is, if I did
economist if cold and rational you should
play because the expected value of this
play is greater than the euro if we played
many times this game would end
winning 125 but you have what
it is called aversion to loss aversion
risk x hey look I stay the
euro and it ‘s worth that because you are the
most of you except those who have
raised your hand you are homo sapiens
we are as economical
well what we did represent
these problems in a language context
foreign language in English here English language
foreign I mean a language that the
people do not use in social contexts
it is not learned and does not use them in
social contexts is not Catalan and
Spanish here only that would be the
Spanish and English that most
what we find is that
when the first people if they want
play we have the foreign language 70%
of people say if I play
whereas in the native language it is only
50% is in a language people
foreign has less aversion to loss
has less risk aversion is more
analytical is colder it hurts more less
putting yourself in the possibility of having
a lost
that’s a laboratory experiment if
we will take it to real life and leave
this would have very large connotations
because all of us many times
we have to bet how to play our
money and we do it assuming certain
risks
but hey it ‘s not just the economy
we can go to things we say several
that of the economy of how we play the
good money sometimes hotels sometimes
you only have what men are like
truth what we have the human being of
true is our moral agreement and that
yes it is an immovable thing and we are going to
buy two great thinkers a being
human beckham who said live your life
as if the reaction of your actions is
was to become a universal law
OK
versus a person with different equal
important because with different type
of moral vision that said these are my
principles if you like it here
I have the others
then there are two visions of moral
quite different well then here
we say and we take the lab is not
a dilemma that we have used
we have only invented but it is a dilemma
that has been used a lot in philosophy
moral we adapt it and in fact so that
you see that it is not a dilemma just of
philosophy let me explain this
case this is a train that goes towards
angels and it goes runaway and it’s going to crash
against the most important stations of
the angels and divert it knowing that it’s going
to derail ends up downloading in another
station that ends up hurting children already
people who were waiting for that train is
say here they had two options or leave
that the train went out and did a lot
damage we got to the station of the
angels or be more utilitarian and
change it and make some will pay for
others but less
I remember and good basically what
we did we did this study in which
we presented not the drawing what
we presented in text there is a tram
that runaway that tram if it is not
does nothing will kill five people not
we put it that they were
working on what they were doing
nap but now it’s the same to kill
five people and you pass by today there are
a lever you can press the lever on
train will change and kill a person
how many of you upl in squeezing in
that lever
most do not
and he asked himself I suppose you’ll say man
a new verse 5 those that you say
did not squeeze the lever just really if
you follow take out and say the life of a
person is priceless and I do not have
why decide in flight and who of
according to brush would have tightened the
iron good and it is true that what
We present in English and in Spanish and
then we also say in the Upside Down
is what we find is that most
of people squeeze the surprise lever
surprise but then we made this
Question
Imagine going on a runaway train you
you’re walking on a bridge and then it’s
a gentleman there is a little
little bit of meat and the only
way to stop the tram and save
the people is to push the lord
how many sports
one
those are the psychopaths or the traffic jams
all respects to those who follow
groucho but it is true if one has the
vision of the previous response has been
a man his five here those universes
five but who feels the same
Well, it depends on the individual
language that I ask you
It turns out that if I ask you it ‘s in your
native language only 20 percent of
people say I would push when you
I ask the text as a context of
foreign language 50 45 depends on the
45 percent study really pushes
to the man with which even our
moral judgments can change
depending on the linguistic context in
the one that we find ourselves going further is
present the latest study on
nice study if you want is a
study to try to understand the
college and here lies and what
we do is get the participant to
lab we give you a beaker with a
given and he has to roll the die the
thanks that the client has a
little hole up and it’s just the team
see the die the result is in a
room that there is none that does more
stuffed and he has to say who
appoint has taken the number depending
that has been left we give a euro two
three four five or six depending on the
name that you have taken
we know that in general at the end of
the whole experiment we have to have the
same number of ones then of 13
because the die is not touched if we have
plus 6 s is that someone is
becoming the smartass as well we put
to people in a native language context
and what we found study in Korean
is that people in general say it
I really feel it ‘s up to 6
those numbers had to these columns
they have to be all the same
and what we see is that there are not many more
Sometimes someone lies and when we are in
foreign language they continue to lie
but less
we continually tell ourselves also in
this laboratory in our laboratory
here we have in spain is native 566 a
tip shovel
in English 6 is less than it would be
wait a little bit for 5 and this is
distribution and fits more than
I would expect by chance I think that even
honesty can change
to these results as you can
imagine has attracted much attention
people to see one thing this situation
it’s much more common than usual
that we believe people interacting in
different languages and beyond different
we have not only that both are
foreign
but I can be in when
with an English elin his native tongue and I
the foreign one does not like that can affect
to my decisions and therefore what you
This is why I talk this principle
I hope this talk change the
way you think you make decisions and
the things that in principle could be
irrelevant that are being affected or I know
that when you’re arguing with
your friends with your partner then
I am negotiating in your companies
always remember in what context
linguistically you are because you can
alter the type of decision you make and
if not you at least all this
people in agreement all these people are
deciding for us in brussels and what
is doing some in their language
native and others uprising foreign many
Thank you
[Applause]
share these Friday moments of
October as if it were September or frost
if it was August almost the talk that you
I am going to give today to hope that it changes
our vision of how you make decisions
to change how you think you take these
decisions as of consistent you are in
your decisions of agreement and we
let’s fix on how the language and
You will see what I really mean
can make us less
consistent of what we really believe
that we agree but before
get into it and I think in this
audience might not be necessary
let me tell you a bit about
language knowledge situation
that’s a map of europe in which
we find the striped areas those
areas where there are two own languages
cohabiting according to who is the
English language franca frame to it
we would be all striped then
this what comes shows
that most people over 50 of
people speak two languages communicate
in two languages
it’s not a really special issue what
better if you are in birmingham is
Special if you’re English if you’re Indian
you certainly do not come from any other
culture not and when you go to other countries
especially to other continents like
is Africa is really the normal thing what
normal is being able to communicate in
marte a language and in fact it is not a
experience that comes with the
globalization has nothing to do with
globalization is an experience
really old people lived with
different languages that were
with different languages of agreement and
we have the rosetta stone that well
you know the stone that helped decipher
the hieroglyphics and we have three or three
different waters or hieroglyphics the
demotic writing and the ancient Greek and
also in our country although that
seem at this moment surprising
for some political party the first
text in Spanish is a text
trilingual in which we find annotations
in Latin in Spanish a form of
old Castilian
and in Basque and in fact also that
question of social interest the fact of
bilingualism here you have the google in
grant that account let’s say the frequency
with which words appear in books and
in different types of texts what
we find is the relative frequency
with what the word appears
bilingualism and multilingualism what
you can see is that from the years
50 That’s the number has gone up the
relative frequency people talk more
of the phenomenon of bilingualism
and we can approximate this question
making them a multitude of questions that
some sure to make us come to the
head from time to time for example as
a baby like a baby that is in a
bilingual cot a bilingual cot one
cradle where the input receives the baby is in
two languages we see the one that mom talks about
one dad tongue another or you both talk
to the two how is the
Bilingual baby’s brain to separate
those two languages and acquire the
knowledge of each of them without
to mount a huge mess is a
question we can do we know that
people do it because friends in
barcelona most of a large number
of cribs are bilingual cures too
we can ask that question of how
affects that bilingual experience to the
brain language organization is
say how we are able to control
the two languages how are we capable of
do what I am doing now
same as controlling my Catalan
Italian my English and what to confuse me
continually
and what a difference is the brain has with
the brain of a monolingual speaker
because we also ask
about that gymnastics that I continue
I do when I’m trying to put
reins to the languages but to mix them
how much that is a gym
mental that can have consequences
for other cognitive activities like
it could be the attention or how it could be
executive control we could
ask ourselves if that gymnastics we do
then it has benefits for the
that we call the cognitive reserve for
to be active is the cognitive decline that
comes associated with the abacc and not all
the world experiences it in the same way
the cognitive decline that came
associated with diseases
neurodegenerative diseases and not everyone
experience in the same way we could
see if that gymnastics helps certain
that certain cognitives appear
symptoms appear later and today
we are not going to do any of those
questions that will be for another talk if
you want today we’re going to ask a question and
I’m going to introduce it with three large
figures
of the last century and this century and we’re going
to ask the question of how the context
linguistic can affect our
emotions and how that can lead to
affect the decisions we make
and there is no one better to send it when
tells us that when you talk to a
man in a language that understands the
message reaches your brain to your head and
you speak to him in his language reaches his
heart
in fact mandela learned the language of
enemy basically the enemy that what
put the 27 year old in jail what
he learned justly to be able
communicate with the people who had it
prisoner in the most direct way
before bande we have people who already
had a feeling of that kind that
he tells us Freud and the patients
will change their foreign language when they speak
of emotionally stressful passages
it’s as if when I change English in
a stressful eating situation
let’s say you see me detail or dehesa of
that stressful situation is as if not
they suffer it looks so intensely and already
we see that this idea that emotions
may depend on the linguistic context
has been advanced by several people including
for the people one of the
most important characters of the century
this is alexander coast is my son
second we were discussing because I do not know
I said the homework is not over
green beans I do not know what it was then
I always spoke to him in Catalan and
at the time changes the Castilian said
dad in spanish no and that means
that you are very angry in agreement is
the same was eaten the bean was punished
well then beyond the great philosopher
alexander coast we have evidence a
a little bit thinner and that’s evidence that
we have from one study for example in the
that put people read harry potter and
put it to read it in German the language
mother of these participants or in
English and we watch the activation of the
amygdala in passages that are
emotionally
multiply
activated that is emotionally active
and what we find is that the
activation of a brain structure
which is the amygdala is a structure that
responds a lot to emotional situations
is smaller when that is happens they are read
in the foreign language in the language
foreign, even though all the
participants understand what they are
reading what they understand well they do not feel
same and in fact if we go to the
classics we can look at what we
said platón here we have the cuadrilla
of platón in which we had in both
horses that are positive impulses
and the negative impulses noble impulses
the impulses and nobles and the reason
trying to control those two impulses
and in fact we know that theories
current decision making long ago
emphasis on what is intuition and what
which is analytical thinking is worth
as the two great forces that guide
our decisions
to intuition it would seem to be very
commented on emotionally situations
tall
and to explain the other types of
studies we do we are going to make a
game let’s move on from here of the
cosmocaixa to the casino match gentlemen
let’s have a game in which
you are going to have to pay one euro
to start paying for it, I’ll later
everyone will pay everyone to be a
euro and let’s have a currency let’s
play heads and tails if it comes out face you have
two euros fifty
and if it comes out cross, I’ll keep it all
and who has to play
who wants to play 12
3. 4. 5
67 very few people the others should be
thinking and his grandmother with the one he was saying
that she is worth more bird in hand than
hundred flying now good sometimes not to
Sometimes it is better to be known bad than
good to know
well sometimes not and that what what
reflects is that if it were homo
economicus, that is, if I did
economist if cold and rational you should
play because the expected value of this
play is greater than the euro if we played
many times this game would end
winning 125 but you have what
it is called aversion to loss aversion
risk x hey look I stay the
euro and it ‘s worth that because you are the
most of you except those who have
raised your hand you are homo sapiens
we are as economical
well what we did represent
these problems in a language context
foreign language in English here English language
foreign I mean a language that the
people do not use in social contexts
it is not learned and does not use them in
social contexts is not Catalan and
Spanish here only that would be the
Spanish and English that most
what we find is that
when the first people if they want
play we have the foreign language 70%
of people say if I play
whereas in the native language it is only
50% is in a language people
foreign has less aversion to loss
has less risk aversion is more
analytical is colder it hurts more less
putting yourself in the possibility of having
a lost
that’s a laboratory experiment if
we will take it to real life and leave
this would have very large connotations
because all of us many times
we have to bet how to play our
money and we do it assuming certain
risks
but hey it ‘s not just the economy
we can go to things we say several
that of the economy of how we play the
good money sometimes hotels sometimes
you only have what men are like
truth what we have the human being of
true is our moral agreement and that
yes it is an immovable thing and we are going to
buy two great thinkers a being
human beckham who said live your life
as if the reaction of your actions is
was to become a universal law
OK
versus a person with different equal
important because with different type
of moral vision that said these are my
principles if you like it here
I have the others
then there are two visions of moral
quite different well then here
we say and we take the lab is not
a dilemma that we have used
we have only invented but it is a dilemma
that has been used a lot in philosophy
moral we adapt it and in fact so that
you see that it is not a dilemma just of
philosophy let me explain this
case this is a train that goes towards
angels and it goes runaway and it’s going to crash
against the most important stations of
the angels and divert it knowing that it’s going
to derail ends up downloading in another
station that ends up hurting children already
people who were waiting for that train is
say here they had two options or leave
that the train went out and did a lot
damage we got to the station of the
angels or be more utilitarian and
change it and make some will pay for
others but less
I remember and good basically what
we did we did this study in which
we presented not the drawing what
we presented in text there is a tram
that runaway that tram if it is not
does nothing will kill five people not
we put it that they were
working on what they were doing
nap but now it’s the same to kill
five people and you pass by today there are
a lever you can press the lever on
train will change and kill a person
how many of you upl in squeezing in
that lever
most do not
and he asked himself I suppose you’ll say man
a new verse 5 those that you say
did not squeeze the lever just really if
you follow take out and say the life of a
person is priceless and I do not have
why decide in flight and who of
according to brush would have tightened the
iron good and it is true that what
We present in English and in Spanish and
then we also say in the Upside Down
is what we find is that most
of people squeeze the surprise lever
surprise but then we made this
Question
Imagine going on a runaway train you
you’re walking on a bridge and then it’s
a gentleman there is a little
little bit of meat and the only
way to stop the tram and save
the people is to push the lord
how many sports
one
those are the psychopaths or the traffic jams
all respects to those who follow
groucho but it is true if one has the
vision of the previous response has been
a man his five here those universes
five but who feels the same
Well, it depends on the individual
language that I ask you
It turns out that if I ask you it ‘s in your
native language only 20 percent of
people say I would push when you
I ask the text as a context of
foreign language 50 45 depends on the
45 percent study really pushes
to the man with which even our
moral judgments can change
depending on the linguistic context in
the one that we find ourselves going further is
present the latest study on
nice study if you want is a
study to try to understand the
college and here lies and what
we do is get the participant to
lab we give you a beaker with a
given and he has to roll the die the
thanks that the client has a
little hole up and it’s just the team
see the die the result is in a
room that there is none that does more
stuffed and he has to say who
appoint has taken the number depending
that has been left we give a euro two
three four five or six depending on the
name that you have taken
we know that in general at the end of
the whole experiment we have to have the
same number of ones then of 13
because the die is not touched if we have
plus 6 s is that someone is
becoming the smartass as well we put
to people in a native language context
and what we found study in Korean
is that people in general say it
I really feel it ‘s up to 6
those numbers had to these columns
they have to be all the same
and what we see is that there are not many more
Sometimes someone lies and when we are in
foreign language they continue to lie
but less
we continually tell ourselves also in
this laboratory in our laboratory
here we have in spain is native 566 a
tip shovel
in English 6 is less than it would be
wait a little bit for 5 and this is
distribution and fits more than
I would expect by chance I think that even
honesty can change
to these results as you can
imagine has attracted much attention
people to see one thing this situation
it’s much more common than usual
that we believe people interacting in
different languages and beyond different
we have not only that both are
foreign
but I can be in when
with an English elin his native tongue and I
the foreign one does not like that can affect
to my decisions and therefore what you
This is why I talk this principle
I hope this talk change the
way you think you make decisions and
the things that in principle could be
irrelevant that are being affected or I know
that when you’re arguing with
your friends with your partner then
I am negotiating in your companies
always remember in what context
linguistically you are because you can
alter the type of decision you make and
if not you at least all this
people in agreement all these people are
deciding for us in brussels and what
is doing some in their language
native and others uprising foreign many
Thank you
[Applause]
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