[Music]
[Applause]
[Music]
hi everyone I want to tell you a story
about information technology if you go
back to ancient times this is what
information technology looked like you
take something very sharp and you find
some flat surface like stone and then
you write down your note that the most
convenient way to write your diary but
something happened about 2,000 years ago
and this is something that we still
enjoy today as a matter of fact probably
all of you have some on your hand right
now
that’s called paper paper was
manufactured were studied being
manufactured about 2,000 years ago and
we still enjoy it and that really
revolutionized our civilization it
changed how we record it changed how we
communicate and it changed how we
process information so if you look at
this amazing technology called
paper what made it possible first step
is making the material paper and second
is the development of writing you start
with pen and pencil you go to wood based
printing metal based printing and then
today’s personalized printing and that’s
not it you actually need to integrate
all these information to something that
is portable and searchable and what that
means is that you need to integrate all
these sheets of paper to something
called a book that’s binding and then
you need to put them all together in a
searchable
mechanism that’s called library’ and so
as you can see information technology
started from materials development then
all kinds of techniques and then you go
to even something more amazing and
that’s the story of information
technology for 2000 years and then
something happened in the last century
that’s called integrated circuits that
again revolutionized information
technology but the way that this
technology was built was very similar
first we start with new material that’s
called silicon it’s kind of stone but it
is much better and expensive stone in
the sense that is crystalline we record
our information not with pen and pencil
but instead we record our information
using electrical current and we learn to
control their electrical current by
using a technique called lithography and
it is expensive you need to put billions
of dollars to have a facility to build
one of these and that’s not it then you
need to integrate them so that you can
put a lot of information and finally you
need to make them connect it using
something called Internet so you see you
start from materials revolution you go
to technology and then you go to
integration that is the story of
information technology once again in the
past century now who has one of these
integration circuits in your pocket
raise your hand right it’s everyone now
we enjoy cell phone right it’s the
combination of amazing technology that
has developed over the past few decades
it’s quite amazing we all carry this
amazing technology in our pocket that
gives you immediate access to amazing
world
of information and also you can
communicate now why am I telling you all
this story because I’m interested in
discussing what’s next what can happen
to make this information technology move
forward what kind of new things do we
need to build now so that we can enjoy
something amazing later one way of
answering this question is to make all
these integrated circuits much much much
thinner how thin ultimately thing you
cannot go thinner than this it turns out
so we want to make circuits that are to
be clipped in it has to be pretty strong
otherwise it’s not going to be useful
and once you do this you might be able
to do amazing things like you can fold
it and then you can do other things as
well
so that’s very interesting so let’s say
if you build it what can you do you can
answer these kind of questions in many
different ways because once you build
new kinds of Technology open you don’t
know what’s going to come out right the
first inventor of transistor would not
have guessed that we will have
smartphone for instance well just to
guess I can just share one vision that I
have is something like this how about we
give a cell phone to every cell in our
body right and that sounds ridiculous
but of course new cell cannot talk to
you they cannot tell you a story but if
you can listen to them are very with
very simple words such as
I’m hungry it’s too cold I’m under
attack wouldn’t that be amazing so for
to do this well we probably need
something that is very flexible light
and then thin but at the same time we
should be able to put a lot of devices
onto this tiny tiny packets
for that it is possible that atomically
thin circuits will do some good so this
is a very interesting story so far I
hope but important question for
scientists like us is how to do it what
do we need it right so let’s say you
want to build interior circuit that is
very very thin then somehow somehow
people need to develop all these skills
to be able to do it so what are those
skills and it turns out that if you
analyze what has been done in the
manufacturing of books and manufacturing
of integrated circuits then you can get
some very important clues let’s look at
books if you want to generate integrated
information platform such as book you
first need to start with paper high
quality big cheap then you need to learn
to write or color in a way that you like
then you need to integrate them
vertically or you just need to bind them
so that you can generate this integrated
platform and so we want to do very
similar things with atomically thin
materials and circuits so let me just
introduce you the steps one by one we
want to generate paper or semiconductor
that is automated first step two we want
to be able to combine different kinds of
materials side by side that is
patterning and the once that’s done we
want to integrate them vertically layer
by layer that looks like a book right so
that’s very straightforward
well if I say this you know sentence
like that’s very straight forward to my
students and probably they won’t be very
happy but in terms of idea that is
straight port so let me just show you
some of the results that we have
developed in the past few years
this is a photo of a wafer or glass
substrate on the surface of that we
actually have three atoms thick
semiconductor so it is a film it’s so
transparent you can not see but believe
me there is a semiconductor on it it’s
the only three atoms thick and each ever
you hear and you can make devices out of
it and it turns out that on this wafer
we have thousands of transistors made
with three atoms thick semiconductor so
we know how to do it and it turns out
that there are many kinds of different
semiconductors and metals there are very
very very thin so researchers around the
world are working toward realizing their
properties in big scale and we are
working on that so that is the first we
grow material with very good properties
now we need to be able to pattern them
so when you think about patterning paper
that’s pretty straight board you start
with paper and then you put ink on it we
really cannot do that with Auto in
materials and it turns out that the best
way to do it is that you take blue paper
and the red paper you connect them
side-by-side and so what you are seeing
is all three of em thin material seen
from the top but you can see that there
are two kinds of materials that are
connected side by side so this is a
technique that we have been developing
in my lab and when you do that and when
you do it very well
there will be connected side by side
with almost no defect or no errors and
that really encourages us that this
might be possible to be further
developed so that’s – now the third step
is to be able to integrate them
vertically to make a book out of them
and the clue for that is can be found
from for instance posting notes and if
you look at postal in notes they stick
very nicely right and papers to
have very sticky glues either and that’s
indeed very similar to what we did with
our material so post-it notes and what
we are seeing
looks like posting notes right so we
have two kinds of atomic leaf in
semiconductor one looks brighter one
looks darker and it’s so thin that we
had to use special microscope that’s
called electron microscope to be able to
see this cross-section and each layer is
three atoms thick and it is about six
entrance
very very thin and we can put them on
top of one another to make programmed
elaborate structures as seen here so now
we have three skills that we taught
ourselves how to grow semiconductor or
paper how to pattern them and how to
stack them on top of another using these
skills I’m convinced that we are to be
able to generate integrated circuits
that are big and then small and then
flexible what is next
we’ve had integrated circuits that’s
made out of silicon before what new
things can you do and sometimes we are
inspired by our childhood memories and
so our inspiration comes from again why
do you all know folding paper right so
it turns out that when you look at paper
you ride on it but another thing that
you do is that you fold why I don’t know
it’s just fun right because I believe we
start with two-dimensional object or
something flat and then you fold to
mimic three-dimensional things poppies
airplane and if you connect these paper
pieces with something like a motor and
actually you can make a very nice moving
things like small paper robots and it
turns out that there are
fantastic research going on in that
direction in Israel so why am I telling
you this I’m talking about automating
circuits and all of that and I’m talking
about toys it turns out that there is a
very interesting opportunity that’s
developing in this area before I go
there let me just show you this to
answer the following concern how do we
make three-dimensional objects out of
just piece of paper so if you look at
this then there is a paper and there are
a bunch of folding lines right so
pulling backwards and folding inward you
can actually design this very carefully
and then if you pull them step by step
following the sequence accurately then
you can pretty much design anything that
you want to bank and can you guess what
this will become if you pull them
correctly well it’s hard right so I’m
okay you can see we can make a lot of
different things with this but still I
haven’t connected the dots let’s say we
have circuit that’s made out of really
really thin material and now we have all
other technique that we have in real
life scale how to fold paper to
something that is three-dimensional can
you do the same thing with atomically
thin material and it turns out that what
we do in real life can be done with
automatically thin material as long as
you scale everything down together so
what I mean by that is that let’s say
you have a piece of paper you shrink it
by thousand times as long as the
thickness of the material is reduced by
thousand times exactly by the same
factor then what you do will be
identical and this is actually what has
been proven by my thesis adviser and
longtime collaborator professor Paul
McKeon at Cornell University so what you
are seeing is well the following the top
row shows all these real-life
information or exam examples let’s use
just regular paper art you cut out and
then you stretch or you pull see what
happens and you just shrink this design
to very very very small scale roughly
about thousand times this time you are
not using regular paper instead you are
using one atom thick material and in
this case that’s called graphene
amazingly you can see that so that
graphene is visible at the bottom and
you see what results is very similar
real-life and small-scale so this is the
way that we make connecting the dots we
start from big-scale
design and if you work very hard at it
then we might be able to turn this
folding or cutting paper art into
something that is really small and
therefore useful so with this there can
be a lot of interesting things that you
can try or
imagine and since we I don’t have real
devices I’m going to just imagine what
can you do for instance let’s say if you
look at parachute you have this big big
big cloth you cannot carry it so you
need to fold in 9 neatly into a bag
you carry it when you need it you unfold
what that means is that normally it’ll
be pretty big but if you pulled it
becomes tight package and these are to
be useful when you want to deploy a lot
of integrated circuits and devices into
tight volume and then tight surfaces so
what that means is that if this might be
useful when you want to spray all your
sensors or a circuit or devices using
aerosols or inject them using needles it
turns out that the size of a cell can
pack a lot of devices using this
approach you take something big and then
fold to make it really really tiny there
can be something useful and another
thing that I just mentioned a few
minutes ago but I didn’t elaborate
because it’s very hard to do is to make
these circuits move wouldn’t it be
amazing if these circuits that has a lot
of devices transistors even camera if we
can move around upon outside the queue
we are working on it and hopefully we
can realize some distant future if that
is possible then it the reality will
mimic what happens in a movie right tiny
tiny robot or tiny tiny sentinels that
go into your body and report back to you
about your health for instance or the
clarity of sky or how clean the area is
and this is an exciting future that we
can dream of right now but this is a
dream that were streaming thank you
you [Applause]
[Applause]
[Music]
hi everyone I want to tell you a story
about information technology if you go
back to ancient times this is what
information technology looked like you
take something very sharp and you find
some flat surface like stone and then
you write down your note that the most
convenient way to write your diary but
something happened about 2,000 years ago
and this is something that we still
enjoy today as a matter of fact probably
all of you have some on your hand right
now
that’s called paper paper was
manufactured were studied being
manufactured about 2,000 years ago and
we still enjoy it and that really
revolutionized our civilization it
changed how we record it changed how we
communicate and it changed how we
process information so if you look at
this amazing technology called
paper what made it possible first step
is making the material paper and second
is the development of writing you start
with pen and pencil you go to wood based
printing metal based printing and then
today’s personalized printing and that’s
not it you actually need to integrate
all these information to something that
is portable and searchable and what that
means is that you need to integrate all
these sheets of paper to something
called a book that’s binding and then
you need to put them all together in a
searchable
mechanism that’s called library’ and so
as you can see information technology
started from materials development then
all kinds of techniques and then you go
to even something more amazing and
that’s the story of information
technology for 2000 years and then
something happened in the last century
that’s called integrated circuits that
again revolutionized information
technology but the way that this
technology was built was very similar
first we start with new material that’s
called silicon it’s kind of stone but it
is much better and expensive stone in
the sense that is crystalline we record
our information not with pen and pencil
but instead we record our information
using electrical current and we learn to
control their electrical current by
using a technique called lithography and
it is expensive you need to put billions
of dollars to have a facility to build
one of these and that’s not it then you
need to integrate them so that you can
put a lot of information and finally you
need to make them connect it using
something called Internet so you see you
start from materials revolution you go
to technology and then you go to
integration that is the story of
information technology once again in the
past century now who has one of these
integration circuits in your pocket
raise your hand right it’s everyone now
we enjoy cell phone right it’s the
combination of amazing technology that
has developed over the past few decades
it’s quite amazing we all carry this
amazing technology in our pocket that
gives you immediate access to amazing
world
of information and also you can
communicate now why am I telling you all
this story because I’m interested in
discussing what’s next what can happen
to make this information technology move
forward what kind of new things do we
need to build now so that we can enjoy
something amazing later one way of
answering this question is to make all
these integrated circuits much much much
thinner how thin ultimately thing you
cannot go thinner than this it turns out
so we want to make circuits that are to
be clipped in it has to be pretty strong
otherwise it’s not going to be useful
and once you do this you might be able
to do amazing things like you can fold
it and then you can do other things as
well
so that’s very interesting so let’s say
if you build it what can you do you can
answer these kind of questions in many
different ways because once you build
new kinds of Technology open you don’t
know what’s going to come out right the
first inventor of transistor would not
have guessed that we will have
smartphone for instance well just to
guess I can just share one vision that I
have is something like this how about we
give a cell phone to every cell in our
body right and that sounds ridiculous
but of course new cell cannot talk to
you they cannot tell you a story but if
you can listen to them are very with
very simple words such as
I’m hungry it’s too cold I’m under
attack wouldn’t that be amazing so for
to do this well we probably need
something that is very flexible light
and then thin but at the same time we
should be able to put a lot of devices
onto this tiny tiny packets
for that it is possible that atomically
thin circuits will do some good so this
is a very interesting story so far I
hope but important question for
scientists like us is how to do it what
do we need it right so let’s say you
want to build interior circuit that is
very very thin then somehow somehow
people need to develop all these skills
to be able to do it so what are those
skills and it turns out that if you
analyze what has been done in the
manufacturing of books and manufacturing
of integrated circuits then you can get
some very important clues let’s look at
books if you want to generate integrated
information platform such as book you
first need to start with paper high
quality big cheap then you need to learn
to write or color in a way that you like
then you need to integrate them
vertically or you just need to bind them
so that you can generate this integrated
platform and so we want to do very
similar things with atomically thin
materials and circuits so let me just
introduce you the steps one by one we
want to generate paper or semiconductor
that is automated first step two we want
to be able to combine different kinds of
materials side by side that is
patterning and the once that’s done we
want to integrate them vertically layer
by layer that looks like a book right so
that’s very straightforward
well if I say this you know sentence
like that’s very straight forward to my
students and probably they won’t be very
happy but in terms of idea that is
straight port so let me just show you
some of the results that we have
developed in the past few years
this is a photo of a wafer or glass
substrate on the surface of that we
actually have three atoms thick
semiconductor so it is a film it’s so
transparent you can not see but believe
me there is a semiconductor on it it’s
the only three atoms thick and each ever
you hear and you can make devices out of
it and it turns out that on this wafer
we have thousands of transistors made
with three atoms thick semiconductor so
we know how to do it and it turns out
that there are many kinds of different
semiconductors and metals there are very
very very thin so researchers around the
world are working toward realizing their
properties in big scale and we are
working on that so that is the first we
grow material with very good properties
now we need to be able to pattern them
so when you think about patterning paper
that’s pretty straight board you start
with paper and then you put ink on it we
really cannot do that with Auto in
materials and it turns out that the best
way to do it is that you take blue paper
and the red paper you connect them
side-by-side and so what you are seeing
is all three of em thin material seen
from the top but you can see that there
are two kinds of materials that are
connected side by side so this is a
technique that we have been developing
in my lab and when you do that and when
you do it very well
there will be connected side by side
with almost no defect or no errors and
that really encourages us that this
might be possible to be further
developed so that’s – now the third step
is to be able to integrate them
vertically to make a book out of them
and the clue for that is can be found
from for instance posting notes and if
you look at postal in notes they stick
very nicely right and papers to
have very sticky glues either and that’s
indeed very similar to what we did with
our material so post-it notes and what
we are seeing
looks like posting notes right so we
have two kinds of atomic leaf in
semiconductor one looks brighter one
looks darker and it’s so thin that we
had to use special microscope that’s
called electron microscope to be able to
see this cross-section and each layer is
three atoms thick and it is about six
entrance
very very thin and we can put them on
top of one another to make programmed
elaborate structures as seen here so now
we have three skills that we taught
ourselves how to grow semiconductor or
paper how to pattern them and how to
stack them on top of another using these
skills I’m convinced that we are to be
able to generate integrated circuits
that are big and then small and then
flexible what is next
we’ve had integrated circuits that’s
made out of silicon before what new
things can you do and sometimes we are
inspired by our childhood memories and
so our inspiration comes from again why
do you all know folding paper right so
it turns out that when you look at paper
you ride on it but another thing that
you do is that you fold why I don’t know
it’s just fun right because I believe we
start with two-dimensional object or
something flat and then you fold to
mimic three-dimensional things poppies
airplane and if you connect these paper
pieces with something like a motor and
actually you can make a very nice moving
things like small paper robots and it
turns out that there are
fantastic research going on in that
direction in Israel so why am I telling
you this I’m talking about automating
circuits and all of that and I’m talking
about toys it turns out that there is a
very interesting opportunity that’s
developing in this area before I go
there let me just show you this to
answer the following concern how do we
make three-dimensional objects out of
just piece of paper so if you look at
this then there is a paper and there are
a bunch of folding lines right so
pulling backwards and folding inward you
can actually design this very carefully
and then if you pull them step by step
following the sequence accurately then
you can pretty much design anything that
you want to bank and can you guess what
this will become if you pull them
correctly well it’s hard right so I’m
okay you can see we can make a lot of
different things with this but still I
haven’t connected the dots let’s say we
have circuit that’s made out of really
really thin material and now we have all
other technique that we have in real
life scale how to fold paper to
something that is three-dimensional can
you do the same thing with atomically
thin material and it turns out that what
we do in real life can be done with
automatically thin material as long as
you scale everything down together so
what I mean by that is that let’s say
you have a piece of paper you shrink it
by thousand times as long as the
thickness of the material is reduced by
thousand times exactly by the same
factor then what you do will be
identical and this is actually what has
been proven by my thesis adviser and
longtime collaborator professor Paul
McKeon at Cornell University so what you
are seeing is well the following the top
row shows all these real-life
information or exam examples let’s use
just regular paper art you cut out and
then you stretch or you pull see what
happens and you just shrink this design
to very very very small scale roughly
about thousand times this time you are
not using regular paper instead you are
using one atom thick material and in
this case that’s called graphene
amazingly you can see that so that
graphene is visible at the bottom and
you see what results is very similar
real-life and small-scale so this is the
way that we make connecting the dots we
start from big-scale
design and if you work very hard at it
then we might be able to turn this
folding or cutting paper art into
something that is really small and
therefore useful so with this there can
be a lot of interesting things that you
can try or
imagine and since we I don’t have real
devices I’m going to just imagine what
can you do for instance let’s say if you
look at parachute you have this big big
big cloth you cannot carry it so you
need to fold in 9 neatly into a bag
you carry it when you need it you unfold
what that means is that normally it’ll
be pretty big but if you pulled it
becomes tight package and these are to
be useful when you want to deploy a lot
of integrated circuits and devices into
tight volume and then tight surfaces so
what that means is that if this might be
useful when you want to spray all your
sensors or a circuit or devices using
aerosols or inject them using needles it
turns out that the size of a cell can
pack a lot of devices using this
approach you take something big and then
fold to make it really really tiny there
can be something useful and another
thing that I just mentioned a few
minutes ago but I didn’t elaborate
because it’s very hard to do is to make
these circuits move wouldn’t it be
amazing if these circuits that has a lot
of devices transistors even camera if we
can move around upon outside the queue
we are working on it and hopefully we
can realize some distant future if that
is possible then it the reality will
mimic what happens in a movie right tiny
tiny robot or tiny tiny sentinels that
go into your body and report back to you
about your health for instance or the
clarity of sky or how clean the area is
and this is an exciting future that we
can dream of right now but this is a
dream that were streaming thank you
you [Applause]
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