I just a leader of Amazon is to
encourage people to be bold and people
love to focus on things that aren’t yet
working and that’s good it’s human
nature that kind of divine discontent
can be very helpful but you really you
know it’s incredibly hard to get people
to take bold bets and you need to
encourage that and if you’re gonna take
bold bets they’re gonna be experiments
and if their experiments you don’t know
ahead of time though they’re going to
work experiments are by their very
nature prone to failure but big success
is a few big successes compensate for
dozens and dozens of things that didn’t
work so you know bold bets AWS Kindle
Amazon Prime our 3rd party seller
business all of those things are
examples of bold bets that that did work
and they pay for a lot of experiments
I’ve made billions of dollars of
failures at amazon.com literally
billions of dollars of failures and you
know you might remember
pets.com or cosmo or you know give
myself a root canal with no anesthesia
very easily none of those things are fun
but but they also they don’t matter what
really matters is companies that don’t
continue to experiment companies that
don’t embrace failure they eventually
get in the desperate position where they
only thing they can do is we could kind
of hail-mary bet at the very end of
their corporate existence where as
companies that are you know making bets
all along even you know big bets but not
bet the company bets I don’t I don’t
believe in bet the company bets that’s
when you’re desperate that’s that’s the
last thing you can do I think stress you
can be one of the things that’s very
important to note about stress is the
stress primarily comes from not taking
action over something that you can have
some control over so if I find that some
particular thing is causing me to have
yes that’s a a warning flag for me what
it means is there’s something that I
haven’t completely identified perhaps in
my conscious mind that is bothering me
and I haven’t yet taken any action on I
find as soon as I identify it and make
the first phone call or send off the
first email message or whatever it is
that we’re gonna do to start to address
that situation even if it’s not solved
the mere fact that we’re addressing it
dramatically reduces any stress that
might come from so stress comes from
ignoring things that you shouldn’t be
ignoring I think in large part so it’s
jest doesn’t come people get stress
wrong all the time my opinion stress
doesn’t come from hard work for example
you know you can be working incredibly
hard and loving it and likewise you can
be out of work and incredibly stressed
over that so and likewise if you kind of
use the you know use that as an analogy
for what I was just talking about if
you’re out of work but you’re going
through you know a disciplined approach
of you know a series of job interviews
and so on and working to remedy that
situation you’re going to be a lot less
stressed than if you’re just worrying
about it and doing nothing big prior
most important piece of intellectual
property is our brand name and I think
people and I think this is very
important for anybody who’s going to
start a company or market and invention
to understand is that brands for
companies are like reputations for
people and reputations are hard earned
and easily lost so the most important
intellectual property that a company can
have is for us it’s that it’s it’s it’s
Amazon it’s that that name but what it
stands for we’ve worked very hard to
earn trust you can’t ask for trust you
just have to do it the hard way one step
at a time you make a promise and then
fulfill the promise you say we’ll
deliver this to you you know tomorrow
and then you actually deliver it
tomorrow
and if you do that over and over again
then ultimately you can instill your
company’s name with a reputation and
that’s I think you know sometimes people
talk about brands in this very amorphous
way but for me I like to think of it as
a person and what is the reputation that
that person has and how have they earned
that reputation we know from our past
experiences that big things start small
you know the biggest oak starts from an
acorn and you’ve got to recognize you
want to do anything new you’ve got to be
willing to let that acorn grow into a
little sapling and then finally into a
small tree and maybe one day it’ll be a
big business on its own and in fact
that’s one of the mottos for one of your
initiatives and forgive my pronunciation
of the Latin but Greta team ferocity
what does that mean to you well it means
step by step ferociously and it’s the
motto for Blue Origin and basically you
can’t skip steps you have to put one
foot in front of the other things take
time
you there are no shortcuts and but but
you want to do those steps with you know
passion and ferocity and so you have to
find that harmony it’s a much better
word and I think for most people it’s
about meaning people want to know that
they’re doing something interesting and
useful and for us you know because of
the challenges that we have chosen for
ourselves we get to work in the future
and it’s super fun to work in the future
for the right kind of person certainly
my my grandfather was a serious role
model for me I just fit so much time
right you learn different things from
grandparents and you learn from parents
it’s a it’s a great I would encourage
anybody to try to spend time not only
with their parents but with their
grandparents and but I and I also had
like two people I always would read
about and
or Thomas Edison and Walt Disney those
were sort of my – you know biographical
heroes I always been interested in in
inventors and invention and Edison of
course just you know for for a little
kid is the and probably for adults too I
still feel this way at least is that not
only the symbol of that but the actual
fact of that they just incredible
inventor and and I’ve always felt that
there’s a certain kind of important
pioneering that goes on from an inventor
like Thomas Edison and then Disney was a
different sort of thing he also you know
a real pioneer and an inventor and doing
new things but it seemed to me that he
had this incredible capability to create
a vision that he could get a large
number of people to share because the
the things that Disney invented like
Disneyland you know the theme parks are
so and they were such big visions that
no single individual unlike a lot of the
things that Edison worked on no single
individual could ever pull them off and
and Walt Disney really was able to get a
big team of people working in a
concerted direction it’s easy to have
ideas it’s very hard to turn an idea
into a successful product there are a
lot of steps in-between it takes
persistence relentlessness so I always
tell people who are you know who think
they want to be entrepreneurs it’s you
need a combination of stubborn
relentlessness and flexibility and you
have to know when to bewitch and
basically you need to be stubborn on
your vision because otherwise it’ll be
too easy to give up but you need to be
very flexible on the details because as
you go along pursuing your vision you’ll
find that some of your preconceptions
were wrong and you’re gonna need to be
able to change those things so I think
taking an idea successfully all the way
to the market and turning it into a real
product that people care about and that
really improves people’s lives it’s a
lot of hard work early remember the
day or anything but when I was in
college is when I started thinking about
wanting to be an entrepreneur someday so
it was I was not the kid with the
lemonade stand you know I didn’t I
wasn’t one of these kids who was always
trying to race but I always wanted to be
a scientist when I was little but I’d
also always loved computers I like I was
lucky because at my age this is unusual
to have access to a mainframe computer
from my elementary school when I was in
fourth grade and quickly learned that
there was a pre-programmed Star Trek
game on that computer and then I never
did anything except play Star Trek with
the computer so I don’t know how
formative that was certainly led it’s
really helped my Star Trek knowledge
considerably and and but I’ve always
loved computers somewhere in college I
started watching some of the people who
were like setting up you know college
pizza delivery services and you know the
kind of the core entrepreneurs and
thinking you know this looks like a
really fun thing to do best defense to
to speech that you don’t like about
yourself as a public figure is to
develop a thick skin it’s really the
only effective defense because you can’t
stop it and you know your are gonna be
misunderstood if you’re doing anything
interesting in the world you’re gonna
have critics the only way if you
absolutely can’t tolerate critics that
don’t do anything new or interesting and
then you can insulate yourself then
think how wonderful your life will get
the Bezos yeah usually people when you
if you see something I don’t know you’re
kind of a public figure and you’ve
probably things have probably been
written about you that you didn’t think
we’re nice that’s true and and in my rep
my advice if you came to me and said
Jeff Asst you know somebody wrote this
and really hurt my feelings what should
I do
I would say go stand on a street corner
and watch in a crowded urban area and
watch all the people walk by and think
about what they’re thinking about I bet
you none of those people are thinking
about you if your stare in that street
corner and it really in your mind you
can do this thought experiment like okay
there’s a woman who just walked by
what’s she actually thinking about
probably what might may be what she’s
going to cook for dinner that night or
that
the argument that she had with one of
her employees or whatever it is like
it’s not about us
do something you’re very passionate
about and don’t try to chase what is
kind of the hot passion of the day I
think we actually saw this I think you
see it all over the place and many
different context but I think we saw it
in the internet world quite a bit where
you know it’s sort of peak of the sort
of Internet you know mania and say 1999
you found people who were you know very
passionate something they kind of left
that job and decided I’m gonna you know
do something in the internet because
it’s you know it was almost like the you
know the 18-49 Gold Rush in a way I mean
you find that people if you go back and
say to the history of the 18-49 Gold
Rush you find that you know at that time
everybody who was in was within the
shouting distance of California was you
know they might have been a doctor but
they quit being a doctor and they
started panning for gold and that that
almost never works and even if it does
work you know according to some metric
financial success or whatever it might
be I suspect it leaves you ultimately
unsatisfied so you really need to be
very clear with yourself and I think one
of the best ways to do that is this
notion of projecting yourself forward to
age 80 looking back on your life and
trying to make sure you’ve minimized the
number of regrets you have that works
for that works for career decisions it
works for family decisions you know do
you want I have a 14 month old son and
it’s very easy for me to if I think
about myself when I’m 80 I know I want
to watch that little guy grow up and so
if it’s I don’t want to be 80 and think
shoot you know I missed that whole thing
and I don’t have the kind of
relationship with my son that I wished I
had and so on and so on
so if you think about that so I guess
another thing that I would recommend
people is that they always take a long
term point of view and I think this is
something about which there’s a lot of
controversy you know there’s a there’s a
you know something a lot of people and
I’m just not one of them believe that
you should live for the now I think what
you do is you think about the the the
great expanse of time ahead of you and
try to make sure that you’re planning
for that in a way that’s gonna leave you
ultimately satisfied so this is just my
this is the way it works for me and I
mean this is everybody needs to find
that for themselves so there are a lot
of paths to satisfaction and you need to
find one that works works for you almost
everything that is going to change the
world solve a problem improve something
these are usually big efforts and they
require you know teams a team working
together to really get something
important done and that has been the
story of amazon.com every step along the
way we’ve had a team here that is is
making this work I mean I don’t know
even even at the smallest scale you have
to figure out how to get help from your
friends from your family members from
people that who can hire in those early
days I think without that it would never
work what I decided to do this I I first
talked to my my wife who is sitting here
in the audience and she had married a
you know relatively stable goofy but
still relatively stable a person working
at a Wall Street firm I worked at a
quantitative hedge fund and this was a
hard decision and I was looking for the
right framework in which to make that
kind of important decision and and and
and and the right framework I found is a
regret minimization framework and that’s
just a nerdy way of saying that you want
to project yourself to age 80 and then
think back over your life and and if
you’re if you’re if you’re 80 what are
the you want to minimize the number of
regrets you have throughout that period
of time I think this is something a lot
of people do maybe subconsciously they
probably very few people probably name
it regret minimization framework because
most people are healthier than that but
but it was a very clear way for me to
think about making that kind of life
decision and then and in the way it
helped was I thought okay if I go do
this thing and participate in this thing
called the Internet that I genuinely
believe is gonna be a big deal and if I
fail am I gonna regret having tried and
failed and I knew the answer that was no
but I also knew that if I didn’t try
that I would always regret that I would
always wonder and it would haunt me and
until that you know mythical day which I
actually hope will come my advice would
be the same for any kind of entrepreneur
and that is make sure that you are
focused on something you’re passionate
about so if you look at the early
Internet companies they were started and
focused on doing something that they
thought was very interesting long before
the internet was fashionable in anyway
you know I I you know we are currently
an underdog once again we’ve been in
business for six years and there was
exactly one year where we were not the
underdog and that was 1999 I like the
the underdog years because it makes you
know I liked it when all the people we
hired their parents told them they were
crazy like that was the that was kind of
the good era fortunately it’s back in
1999 all the parents were like you know
given their brothers and sisters high
fives you know my son is working at
amazon.com so that’s a very you can’t
follow the fashion when you’re trying to
do a startup company or I think really
anything in life but you have to as an
entrepreneur if you’re gonna if you’re
gonna build a company pick something you
think is interesting that has the
intersection of genuinely creating real
customer value and then just stay right
there and let the weight of catch you so
if you can hold a ballet and that can be
successful and you can hold a rock
concert and that can be successful just
don’t hold a ballet and advertise it as
a rock concert
and so you need to be clear with all of
your stakeholders with you know are you
holding a ballet or you holding a rock
concert and then people get to
self-select in you know we hire people
who are who are really motivated by
building new customer experiences they
like to pioneer they like the rate of
change they they wake up in the shower
motivated by thinking about customers
and occasionally somebody joins Amazon
who their primary motivation comes from
being thinking about competition or
competitors those people can find Amazon
a little Dolph you know so and again
it’s not about right or wrong it’s just
that different people are motivated by
different things and what happens with
corporate cultures is that over time
that you people collect themselves in a
way where they like that culture and
then it becomes self-sustaining whatever
it is that you want to do you there’s
gonna be risk in your life and risk is a
necessary component of progress you can
make any pioneering movements in the
world of any kind whether they be the
geographical physical exploration that
I’ve just been talking about or whether
it be you know a more cerebral
exploration of a scientific field or I
bet you could ask that question of every
speaker here and I bet that every
speaker here has taken substantial risks
whether it be intellectual or otherwise
to achieve what they’re you know what they’ve done
encourage people to be bold and people
love to focus on things that aren’t yet
working and that’s good it’s human
nature that kind of divine discontent
can be very helpful but you really you
know it’s incredibly hard to get people
to take bold bets and you need to
encourage that and if you’re gonna take
bold bets they’re gonna be experiments
and if their experiments you don’t know
ahead of time though they’re going to
work experiments are by their very
nature prone to failure but big success
is a few big successes compensate for
dozens and dozens of things that didn’t
work so you know bold bets AWS Kindle
Amazon Prime our 3rd party seller
business all of those things are
examples of bold bets that that did work
and they pay for a lot of experiments
I’ve made billions of dollars of
failures at amazon.com literally
billions of dollars of failures and you
know you might remember
pets.com or cosmo or you know give
myself a root canal with no anesthesia
very easily none of those things are fun
but but they also they don’t matter what
really matters is companies that don’t
continue to experiment companies that
don’t embrace failure they eventually
get in the desperate position where they
only thing they can do is we could kind
of hail-mary bet at the very end of
their corporate existence where as
companies that are you know making bets
all along even you know big bets but not
bet the company bets I don’t I don’t
believe in bet the company bets that’s
when you’re desperate that’s that’s the
last thing you can do I think stress you
can be one of the things that’s very
important to note about stress is the
stress primarily comes from not taking
action over something that you can have
some control over so if I find that some
particular thing is causing me to have
yes that’s a a warning flag for me what
it means is there’s something that I
haven’t completely identified perhaps in
my conscious mind that is bothering me
and I haven’t yet taken any action on I
find as soon as I identify it and make
the first phone call or send off the
first email message or whatever it is
that we’re gonna do to start to address
that situation even if it’s not solved
the mere fact that we’re addressing it
dramatically reduces any stress that
might come from so stress comes from
ignoring things that you shouldn’t be
ignoring I think in large part so it’s
jest doesn’t come people get stress
wrong all the time my opinion stress
doesn’t come from hard work for example
you know you can be working incredibly
hard and loving it and likewise you can
be out of work and incredibly stressed
over that so and likewise if you kind of
use the you know use that as an analogy
for what I was just talking about if
you’re out of work but you’re going
through you know a disciplined approach
of you know a series of job interviews
and so on and working to remedy that
situation you’re going to be a lot less
stressed than if you’re just worrying
about it and doing nothing big prior
most important piece of intellectual
property is our brand name and I think
people and I think this is very
important for anybody who’s going to
start a company or market and invention
to understand is that brands for
companies are like reputations for
people and reputations are hard earned
and easily lost so the most important
intellectual property that a company can
have is for us it’s that it’s it’s it’s
Amazon it’s that that name but what it
stands for we’ve worked very hard to
earn trust you can’t ask for trust you
just have to do it the hard way one step
at a time you make a promise and then
fulfill the promise you say we’ll
deliver this to you you know tomorrow
and then you actually deliver it
tomorrow
and if you do that over and over again
then ultimately you can instill your
company’s name with a reputation and
that’s I think you know sometimes people
talk about brands in this very amorphous
way but for me I like to think of it as
a person and what is the reputation that
that person has and how have they earned
that reputation we know from our past
experiences that big things start small
you know the biggest oak starts from an
acorn and you’ve got to recognize you
want to do anything new you’ve got to be
willing to let that acorn grow into a
little sapling and then finally into a
small tree and maybe one day it’ll be a
big business on its own and in fact
that’s one of the mottos for one of your
initiatives and forgive my pronunciation
of the Latin but Greta team ferocity
what does that mean to you well it means
step by step ferociously and it’s the
motto for Blue Origin and basically you
can’t skip steps you have to put one
foot in front of the other things take
time
you there are no shortcuts and but but
you want to do those steps with you know
passion and ferocity and so you have to
find that harmony it’s a much better
word and I think for most people it’s
about meaning people want to know that
they’re doing something interesting and
useful and for us you know because of
the challenges that we have chosen for
ourselves we get to work in the future
and it’s super fun to work in the future
for the right kind of person certainly
my my grandfather was a serious role
model for me I just fit so much time
right you learn different things from
grandparents and you learn from parents
it’s a it’s a great I would encourage
anybody to try to spend time not only
with their parents but with their
grandparents and but I and I also had
like two people I always would read
about and
or Thomas Edison and Walt Disney those
were sort of my – you know biographical
heroes I always been interested in in
inventors and invention and Edison of
course just you know for for a little
kid is the and probably for adults too I
still feel this way at least is that not
only the symbol of that but the actual
fact of that they just incredible
inventor and and I’ve always felt that
there’s a certain kind of important
pioneering that goes on from an inventor
like Thomas Edison and then Disney was a
different sort of thing he also you know
a real pioneer and an inventor and doing
new things but it seemed to me that he
had this incredible capability to create
a vision that he could get a large
number of people to share because the
the things that Disney invented like
Disneyland you know the theme parks are
so and they were such big visions that
no single individual unlike a lot of the
things that Edison worked on no single
individual could ever pull them off and
and Walt Disney really was able to get a
big team of people working in a
concerted direction it’s easy to have
ideas it’s very hard to turn an idea
into a successful product there are a
lot of steps in-between it takes
persistence relentlessness so I always
tell people who are you know who think
they want to be entrepreneurs it’s you
need a combination of stubborn
relentlessness and flexibility and you
have to know when to bewitch and
basically you need to be stubborn on
your vision because otherwise it’ll be
too easy to give up but you need to be
very flexible on the details because as
you go along pursuing your vision you’ll
find that some of your preconceptions
were wrong and you’re gonna need to be
able to change those things so I think
taking an idea successfully all the way
to the market and turning it into a real
product that people care about and that
really improves people’s lives it’s a
lot of hard work early remember the
day or anything but when I was in
college is when I started thinking about
wanting to be an entrepreneur someday so
it was I was not the kid with the
lemonade stand you know I didn’t I
wasn’t one of these kids who was always
trying to race but I always wanted to be
a scientist when I was little but I’d
also always loved computers I like I was
lucky because at my age this is unusual
to have access to a mainframe computer
from my elementary school when I was in
fourth grade and quickly learned that
there was a pre-programmed Star Trek
game on that computer and then I never
did anything except play Star Trek with
the computer so I don’t know how
formative that was certainly led it’s
really helped my Star Trek knowledge
considerably and and but I’ve always
loved computers somewhere in college I
started watching some of the people who
were like setting up you know college
pizza delivery services and you know the
kind of the core entrepreneurs and
thinking you know this looks like a
really fun thing to do best defense to
to speech that you don’t like about
yourself as a public figure is to
develop a thick skin it’s really the
only effective defense because you can’t
stop it and you know your are gonna be
misunderstood if you’re doing anything
interesting in the world you’re gonna
have critics the only way if you
absolutely can’t tolerate critics that
don’t do anything new or interesting and
then you can insulate yourself then
think how wonderful your life will get
the Bezos yeah usually people when you
if you see something I don’t know you’re
kind of a public figure and you’ve
probably things have probably been
written about you that you didn’t think
we’re nice that’s true and and in my rep
my advice if you came to me and said
Jeff Asst you know somebody wrote this
and really hurt my feelings what should
I do
I would say go stand on a street corner
and watch in a crowded urban area and
watch all the people walk by and think
about what they’re thinking about I bet
you none of those people are thinking
about you if your stare in that street
corner and it really in your mind you
can do this thought experiment like okay
there’s a woman who just walked by
what’s she actually thinking about
probably what might may be what she’s
going to cook for dinner that night or
that
the argument that she had with one of
her employees or whatever it is like
it’s not about us
do something you’re very passionate
about and don’t try to chase what is
kind of the hot passion of the day I
think we actually saw this I think you
see it all over the place and many
different context but I think we saw it
in the internet world quite a bit where
you know it’s sort of peak of the sort
of Internet you know mania and say 1999
you found people who were you know very
passionate something they kind of left
that job and decided I’m gonna you know
do something in the internet because
it’s you know it was almost like the you
know the 18-49 Gold Rush in a way I mean
you find that people if you go back and
say to the history of the 18-49 Gold
Rush you find that you know at that time
everybody who was in was within the
shouting distance of California was you
know they might have been a doctor but
they quit being a doctor and they
started panning for gold and that that
almost never works and even if it does
work you know according to some metric
financial success or whatever it might
be I suspect it leaves you ultimately
unsatisfied so you really need to be
very clear with yourself and I think one
of the best ways to do that is this
notion of projecting yourself forward to
age 80 looking back on your life and
trying to make sure you’ve minimized the
number of regrets you have that works
for that works for career decisions it
works for family decisions you know do
you want I have a 14 month old son and
it’s very easy for me to if I think
about myself when I’m 80 I know I want
to watch that little guy grow up and so
if it’s I don’t want to be 80 and think
shoot you know I missed that whole thing
and I don’t have the kind of
relationship with my son that I wished I
had and so on and so on
so if you think about that so I guess
another thing that I would recommend
people is that they always take a long
term point of view and I think this is
something about which there’s a lot of
controversy you know there’s a there’s a
you know something a lot of people and
I’m just not one of them believe that
you should live for the now I think what
you do is you think about the the the
great expanse of time ahead of you and
try to make sure that you’re planning
for that in a way that’s gonna leave you
ultimately satisfied so this is just my
this is the way it works for me and I
mean this is everybody needs to find
that for themselves so there are a lot
of paths to satisfaction and you need to
find one that works works for you almost
everything that is going to change the
world solve a problem improve something
these are usually big efforts and they
require you know teams a team working
together to really get something
important done and that has been the
story of amazon.com every step along the
way we’ve had a team here that is is
making this work I mean I don’t know
even even at the smallest scale you have
to figure out how to get help from your
friends from your family members from
people that who can hire in those early
days I think without that it would never
work what I decided to do this I I first
talked to my my wife who is sitting here
in the audience and she had married a
you know relatively stable goofy but
still relatively stable a person working
at a Wall Street firm I worked at a
quantitative hedge fund and this was a
hard decision and I was looking for the
right framework in which to make that
kind of important decision and and and
and and the right framework I found is a
regret minimization framework and that’s
just a nerdy way of saying that you want
to project yourself to age 80 and then
think back over your life and and if
you’re if you’re if you’re 80 what are
the you want to minimize the number of
regrets you have throughout that period
of time I think this is something a lot
of people do maybe subconsciously they
probably very few people probably name
it regret minimization framework because
most people are healthier than that but
but it was a very clear way for me to
think about making that kind of life
decision and then and in the way it
helped was I thought okay if I go do
this thing and participate in this thing
called the Internet that I genuinely
believe is gonna be a big deal and if I
fail am I gonna regret having tried and
failed and I knew the answer that was no
but I also knew that if I didn’t try
that I would always regret that I would
always wonder and it would haunt me and
until that you know mythical day which I
actually hope will come my advice would
be the same for any kind of entrepreneur
and that is make sure that you are
focused on something you’re passionate
about so if you look at the early
Internet companies they were started and
focused on doing something that they
thought was very interesting long before
the internet was fashionable in anyway
you know I I you know we are currently
an underdog once again we’ve been in
business for six years and there was
exactly one year where we were not the
underdog and that was 1999 I like the
the underdog years because it makes you
know I liked it when all the people we
hired their parents told them they were
crazy like that was the that was kind of
the good era fortunately it’s back in
1999 all the parents were like you know
given their brothers and sisters high
fives you know my son is working at
amazon.com so that’s a very you can’t
follow the fashion when you’re trying to
do a startup company or I think really
anything in life but you have to as an
entrepreneur if you’re gonna if you’re
gonna build a company pick something you
think is interesting that has the
intersection of genuinely creating real
customer value and then just stay right
there and let the weight of catch you so
if you can hold a ballet and that can be
successful and you can hold a rock
concert and that can be successful just
don’t hold a ballet and advertise it as
a rock concert
and so you need to be clear with all of
your stakeholders with you know are you
holding a ballet or you holding a rock
concert and then people get to
self-select in you know we hire people
who are who are really motivated by
building new customer experiences they
like to pioneer they like the rate of
change they they wake up in the shower
motivated by thinking about customers
and occasionally somebody joins Amazon
who their primary motivation comes from
being thinking about competition or
competitors those people can find Amazon
a little Dolph you know so and again
it’s not about right or wrong it’s just
that different people are motivated by
different things and what happens with
corporate cultures is that over time
that you people collect themselves in a
way where they like that culture and
then it becomes self-sustaining whatever
it is that you want to do you there’s
gonna be risk in your life and risk is a
necessary component of progress you can
make any pioneering movements in the
world of any kind whether they be the
geographical physical exploration that
I’ve just been talking about or whether
it be you know a more cerebral
exploration of a scientific field or I
bet you could ask that question of every
speaker here and I bet that every
speaker here has taken substantial risks
whether it be intellectual or otherwise
to achieve what they’re you know what they’ve done
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