[Music]
muscular dystrophy cystic fibrosis
hemophilia thalassemia various forms of
blindness are just the beginning of a long one
list of diseases that still represents
a huge challenge for medicine
we are talking about genetic diseases e
so of those diseases that are
caused by changes in DNA and that
so they could potentially be
take care if we had available to the
tools that allow us to arrive
to the DNA where it is altered and modified
repair it and correct it however
challenge is still long the DNA is one
molecule consisting of a series of
nucleotide molecules bases that we can
represent letters like letters
they are arranged in a very orderly manner and
specify to constitute the double helix e
this order and must be maintained
any small alteration that
constituted the non-substitution by one
integration by a duplication then
generate dramatic consequences e
so it must be very serious diseases
when in the year 2000 in 1950 wolf creek there
they said that this is the structure
of DNA consisting of nucleotides from
this perfect order
it was thought that the goal of being able to
rewrite DNA then modify it with
a technique that we now call di
genomic editing could be a
reach
in reality the goal was much more
complex and already the first experiments there
they said that this was very difficult
goal to reach
however after about 30 years it was
took another small step forward
very important in which we have seen e
these are biological observations that
when the DNA the double helix comes
cut by chemical reagents or by
example from physical activities what
you get is a DNA modification then
just what is held is sought
do with genomic editing and then here
an inspiration was given to all
researchers that if we could create
of molecular scissors then of the
scissors that we can program for
get to the point where the DNA
altered we could get the changes
which can lead to the care of these
diseases that are still orphans that are not
they have a cure
however, this goal was also
really hard to reach e
we are talking about another thirty
of years until we are talking about
recent years in 2012 one is made
discovery that is literally
revolutionized the world of
biotechnology and more
we are talking about a molecule that is
call chris parkas 9 and it’s a scissor
molecular finally a scissor in
able to cut the DNA in points where
we can bring it precisely
to generate those changes that
they can lead to the treatment of diseases
this molecule is a love between
bacterial origin
in fact we among the interpreters i
main actors of the discovery of
this molecule we have yogurt
yogurt is a food that everyone
we know
other the main bacteria ingredients
and bacteria like all living things
they are very susceptible to infections
so when a group of researchers
he was studying how to increase it
yogurt production therefore increase
the defense of the bacteria have noticed
that bacteria
they actually have a way for you
defend yourself from infections and this
mechanism linked to a molecule that
crisp at cas 9 and this molecule
it works just like molecular scissor
so when the bacteria come
attacked by viruses
these bacteria defend themselves with one
molecular scissor and here it is
finally arrived at the scissor to this
transfer point to cells
ovani was quick enough it was
enough to reprogram chris parkas 9
take it to your DNA where there are mutations
to bring the correction that has long
time we were trying to get
this discovery could not leave me
indifferent
after a career spent between DNA
genetic engineering and viruses then
we immediately took this
molecule with my laboratory
at the university of trento and we have it
tested of our cells and has been
an incredible emotion to find that
finally we have a molecule there
allows to correct alterations
genetic
however, the first experiments have us
also revealed that this molecule and gods
defects has very serious defects and
these are that besides modifying
vienna in desired points generates others
alterations and of course we can not
think of treating a disease
generating others and then we are there
we immediately thought about it
that we had to be able to change
this protein and make it more precise
our consideration to address
this scientific problem was that
chris parkas 9 to the protein of origin
bacterial and the bacteria are very different
human cells are very cells
simpler and therefore our
intuition was that maybe we had to
to push
a bacterial protein like chris parkas
9 to work in more complex cells
however, human cells are difficult
to be used in the laboratory and then the
our choice went to another one
cell another cell type like the
yeast , paradoxically, yeast
more like the human cell
we are talking about the yeast saying itself
ingredient that we use to make
the bread or to make beer the yeast
this is how the laboratory looks like this
a plate of yeast cells that
they are growing happily and yes
in this case they present these columns
of yeast with two colors a color
white is a red color and this is it
due to the fact that we before
work and try to find one
variant of canove more precise le
we engineered we did yes
that white cells etc indicated
when this protein cas 9 stood
cutting those incorrectly
red instead showed us that cas 9 was
precise and therefore it was sufficient
create thousands of different types
of cas 9 of the different variations of cas
9 would insert into these cells and
then go to select all the
red colonies we have discarded those
white and inside the red colonies
we finally found a house 9
that cut perfectly
so we left it to be the
yeast itself to tell us which one was
more precise variant this is the first
experiment we got in
laboratory on human cells what
see on the left
and the original kras 9 cuts then the
cas 9 initial and all the lines that you
you see are all the mistakes that make cup
9 all the letters are the letters that
he acknowledged for
on the right was our valiant
we called it evokes 9 because it is one
more evolved variant and has evolved because
as you can see it makes a precise cut and the
sheet and white
the results he gave us and one
total absence of errors therefore
finally we have one available
molecule that can repair DNA
and it does so at a specific point we manage to
to program it, go only to a point e
avoid making other cuts then
finally we have provisions one
molecule that can be used for
cure diseases that we do not have today
still we have found a cure
but living beings all beings
living are characterized by Verona
molecule DNA therefore potentially all
living beings can be
modified the plants the animals and there
they are already ongoing projects for
to modify animals in Italy we have a
research group that is far ahead
in the modification of the carrying mosquitoes
the plasmodium of malaria then
they can block mosquitoes and
possibly eradicate malaria but there
they are projects that are still going on
more
beyond the limit and therefore there are gods
projects that for example are financed in the
United States which provide for the
of mammoths therefore
changing elephants potentially
we can distinguish mammoths and e
bring back to earth
but coming back to us
this is the mind of these antipodes
overtaking the limit has also inspired
cinemas and then the
possibility of generating animals
monstrous but we are only talking
of the fantasy of a limit that
obviously we do not know yet
coming back to us as we can see
the application of this protein
in humans well we can think that in
future we could design the children in
so that they can respond to
different needs
so we can think of children that
can be designed for color
of the skin the color of the eyes o
think of a different hair color
I saw that our knowledge on
genes are always going further in theory
we can also think with day
we will be able to design the children for them
intelligence for their character works
then predisposition to diseases
sending a closer future
probably this technology will
be used to eliminate those
genetic defects that bring children
to have devastating diseases
so we could probably think in
a future to eradicate diseases
very serious genetic and therefore
obviously we are talking about overtaking
the limits and as in all these
conditions in these tuazioni is
necessary that we compare and that
these types of arguments come out of one
close scientific and technical field e
they must embrace other sectors of the
society
we are talking about bioethical implications of
which we need to talk about and
discuss and it is important that the opinion
public is involved in these new ones
technologies
because this is a technology that does not
it will stop going to impact society
in the past in the history of man there
other epochal changes have been
important for example the discovery of
vaccine antibiotics has changed
enormously humanity and so crisp al
cas 9 will probably change humanity and
see, we have a future in front of us that is not
we still know we do not know yet
good
and that we must continue to
discuss and talk about it
our world is already around
modifying with chris par
we already have the first changes of the
animals
we have the elephants modification but
we have the modification of embryos or
human embryos
so we are definitely living now
chris paul revolution
thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
muscular dystrophy cystic fibrosis
hemophilia thalassemia various forms of
blindness are just the beginning of a long one
list of diseases that still represents
a huge challenge for medicine
we are talking about genetic diseases e
so of those diseases that are
caused by changes in DNA and that
so they could potentially be
take care if we had available to the
tools that allow us to arrive
to the DNA where it is altered and modified
repair it and correct it however
challenge is still long the DNA is one
molecule consisting of a series of
nucleotide molecules bases that we can
represent letters like letters
they are arranged in a very orderly manner and
specify to constitute the double helix e
this order and must be maintained
any small alteration that
constituted the non-substitution by one
integration by a duplication then
generate dramatic consequences e
so it must be very serious diseases
when in the year 2000 in 1950 wolf creek there
they said that this is the structure
of DNA consisting of nucleotides from
this perfect order
it was thought that the goal of being able to
rewrite DNA then modify it with
a technique that we now call di
genomic editing could be a
reach
in reality the goal was much more
complex and already the first experiments there
they said that this was very difficult
goal to reach
however after about 30 years it was
took another small step forward
very important in which we have seen e
these are biological observations that
when the DNA the double helix comes
cut by chemical reagents or by
example from physical activities what
you get is a DNA modification then
just what is held is sought
do with genomic editing and then here
an inspiration was given to all
researchers that if we could create
of molecular scissors then of the
scissors that we can program for
get to the point where the DNA
altered we could get the changes
which can lead to the care of these
diseases that are still orphans that are not
they have a cure
however, this goal was also
really hard to reach e
we are talking about another thirty
of years until we are talking about
recent years in 2012 one is made
discovery that is literally
revolutionized the world of
biotechnology and more
we are talking about a molecule that is
call chris parkas 9 and it’s a scissor
molecular finally a scissor in
able to cut the DNA in points where
we can bring it precisely
to generate those changes that
they can lead to the treatment of diseases
this molecule is a love between
bacterial origin
in fact we among the interpreters i
main actors of the discovery of
this molecule we have yogurt
yogurt is a food that everyone
we know
other the main bacteria ingredients
and bacteria like all living things
they are very susceptible to infections
so when a group of researchers
he was studying how to increase it
yogurt production therefore increase
the defense of the bacteria have noticed
that bacteria
they actually have a way for you
defend yourself from infections and this
mechanism linked to a molecule that
crisp at cas 9 and this molecule
it works just like molecular scissor
so when the bacteria come
attacked by viruses
these bacteria defend themselves with one
molecular scissor and here it is
finally arrived at the scissor to this
transfer point to cells
ovani was quick enough it was
enough to reprogram chris parkas 9
take it to your DNA where there are mutations
to bring the correction that has long
time we were trying to get
this discovery could not leave me
indifferent
after a career spent between DNA
genetic engineering and viruses then
we immediately took this
molecule with my laboratory
at the university of trento and we have it
tested of our cells and has been
an incredible emotion to find that
finally we have a molecule there
allows to correct alterations
genetic
however, the first experiments have us
also revealed that this molecule and gods
defects has very serious defects and
these are that besides modifying
vienna in desired points generates others
alterations and of course we can not
think of treating a disease
generating others and then we are there
we immediately thought about it
that we had to be able to change
this protein and make it more precise
our consideration to address
this scientific problem was that
chris parkas 9 to the protein of origin
bacterial and the bacteria are very different
human cells are very cells
simpler and therefore our
intuition was that maybe we had to
to push
a bacterial protein like chris parkas
9 to work in more complex cells
however, human cells are difficult
to be used in the laboratory and then the
our choice went to another one
cell another cell type like the
yeast , paradoxically, yeast
more like the human cell
we are talking about the yeast saying itself
ingredient that we use to make
the bread or to make beer the yeast
this is how the laboratory looks like this
a plate of yeast cells that
they are growing happily and yes
in this case they present these columns
of yeast with two colors a color
white is a red color and this is it
due to the fact that we before
work and try to find one
variant of canove more precise le
we engineered we did yes
that white cells etc indicated
when this protein cas 9 stood
cutting those incorrectly
red instead showed us that cas 9 was
precise and therefore it was sufficient
create thousands of different types
of cas 9 of the different variations of cas
9 would insert into these cells and
then go to select all the
red colonies we have discarded those
white and inside the red colonies
we finally found a house 9
that cut perfectly
so we left it to be the
yeast itself to tell us which one was
more precise variant this is the first
experiment we got in
laboratory on human cells what
see on the left
and the original kras 9 cuts then the
cas 9 initial and all the lines that you
you see are all the mistakes that make cup
9 all the letters are the letters that
he acknowledged for
on the right was our valiant
we called it evokes 9 because it is one
more evolved variant and has evolved because
as you can see it makes a precise cut and the
sheet and white
the results he gave us and one
total absence of errors therefore
finally we have one available
molecule that can repair DNA
and it does so at a specific point we manage to
to program it, go only to a point e
avoid making other cuts then
finally we have provisions one
molecule that can be used for
cure diseases that we do not have today
still we have found a cure
but living beings all beings
living are characterized by Verona
molecule DNA therefore potentially all
living beings can be
modified the plants the animals and there
they are already ongoing projects for
to modify animals in Italy we have a
research group that is far ahead
in the modification of the carrying mosquitoes
the plasmodium of malaria then
they can block mosquitoes and
possibly eradicate malaria but there
they are projects that are still going on
more
beyond the limit and therefore there are gods
projects that for example are financed in the
United States which provide for the
of mammoths therefore
changing elephants potentially
we can distinguish mammoths and e
bring back to earth
but coming back to us
this is the mind of these antipodes
overtaking the limit has also inspired
cinemas and then the
possibility of generating animals
monstrous but we are only talking
of the fantasy of a limit that
obviously we do not know yet
coming back to us as we can see
the application of this protein
in humans well we can think that in
future we could design the children in
so that they can respond to
different needs
so we can think of children that
can be designed for color
of the skin the color of the eyes o
think of a different hair color
I saw that our knowledge on
genes are always going further in theory
we can also think with day
we will be able to design the children for them
intelligence for their character works
then predisposition to diseases
sending a closer future
probably this technology will
be used to eliminate those
genetic defects that bring children
to have devastating diseases
so we could probably think in
a future to eradicate diseases
very serious genetic and therefore
obviously we are talking about overtaking
the limits and as in all these
conditions in these tuazioni is
necessary that we compare and that
these types of arguments come out of one
close scientific and technical field e
they must embrace other sectors of the
society
we are talking about bioethical implications of
which we need to talk about and
discuss and it is important that the opinion
public is involved in these new ones
technologies
because this is a technology that does not
it will stop going to impact society
in the past in the history of man there
other epochal changes have been
important for example the discovery of
vaccine antibiotics has changed
enormously humanity and so crisp al
cas 9 will probably change humanity and
see, we have a future in front of us that is not
we still know we do not know yet
good
and that we must continue to
discuss and talk about it
our world is already around
modifying with chris par
we already have the first changes of the
animals
we have the elephants modification but
we have the modification of embryos or
human embryos
so we are definitely living now
chris paul revolution
thank you
[Applause]
[Music]
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